Yintoni zocando? Kwisahlulo intsimi okanye amanzi iinxalenye (izithili)

Enye indlela yenzululwazi ithi ukuba olunzulu nokufundiswa kwayo nayiphi na into kufuneka wasiqhekeza, iyantlukwano, phula phezulu amacandelo amancinane. Yile ndlela idla kakhulu isetyenziswa zejografi ngezoqoqosho isifundo olubanzi iindawo ezinkulu. Babelana nje iinxalenye - kwimimandla.

Yintoni zocando? Ziziphi iingcamango yakhe ume ngaphandle? Yintoni na ucando ekhoyo Russia? Konke oku kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kwinqaku lethu.

Yintoni zocando?

Zoning - iyalila ukuba gama iincwadi IsiNgesi. Nangona kunjalo, nje baseMerika athi "Umsunguli" le ndlela. Ngoko ke yintoni na zocando? Ziziphi iinkalo kunye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, isetyenziswa?

Phantsi ngeendawo vula ngokwahlulwa kwintsimi abe ngamalungu ahlukeneyo, eziya kwahluka enye kwenye indlela enye okanye omnye sifake. Nangona kunjalo, oku ilizwe kuphela ndawo, kodwa ke amanzi olwandle okanye olwandle. ezibandaknywayo eveliswa kule nkqubo, ibizwa ngokwahlukileyo: Iindawo (amaninzi), imimandla, izithili, imimandla, iindawo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ucando - akukho nje inkqubo, kodwa ngenxa ngokwahlula intsimi ibe kwizithili. Kulo mzekelo, iinjongo ezithile zibekwa phambi kwakhe. Iiplastiki zombini practical ndikunyibilikise ngokufezekileyo ulwazi.

Namhlanje, socando lwemida ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kunye nomsebenzi practical womntu: .. kwiJografi, ezoqoqosho, inzululwazi landscape, ucwangciso lwasezidolophini, izakhiwo, iindlela ezicetywe ngayo iidolophu, design, njl Eli gama lisetyenziswa ukhetho. Noko ke, apho ke uphethe umxholo eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

Ubume kunye nexabiso ingcamango "indawo"

Nalo le mbono thina baye bahlangane kubomi bemihla ngemihla. iindawo zokuhlala zingaba zokusebenza, olusesikweni okanye sikweni, balele, mveliso, yolonwabo kunye zemali noshishino.

Eli gama iingcambu French (rayon). Ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yendawo ilizwi - kule ndawo, umi enye okanye ezingaphezulu iimpawu. Kukho ezinye iingcaciso kwikota. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wabo uthi indawo - yi ariya isithuba, nto leyo ehlanganiswa ngesenzo okanye isiganeko (zendalo, kwezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo).

Le ndawo yenye iiyunithi eziphambili lwesakhiwo zolawulo sendawo amaninzi amazwe ehlabathini (kaninzi - umyalelo wesibini). Ngokukodwa, luyindlela kumazwe amaninzi post-Soviet (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova kunye nabanye).

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, igama elithi "ummandla" lisetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo lwamacandelo kunye namasimi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ukususela Botany kwimicimbi yasemkhosini.

Iifom iziyalezo zokucandwa

Zeziphi iintlobo zocando lwemida ezikhoyo? Okokuqala, kusenokuba ulwazi okanye eyakhayo (transducer). Ukuba kunjalo yokuqala, indlela socando isetyenziselwa injongo yophando, ukuhlola emaphandleni, elinesibini - ukuphuhlisa ingqiqo eyiyo yokusetyenziswa isakhono ummandla elinikiweyo.

Zoning kungaba yohlobo olunye okanye hub, okanye odnopriznakovym multi. Naye, kunye nemiqondiso, ezo zabelwe imimandla ziyahluka umxholo, iinjongo, indawo coverage, njalo-njalo. N.

Ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokutsala osemqoka, ezi ndidi zilandelayo zocando:

• yemvelo;
• geography;
• kwemozulu;
• lwabantu;
• wamajoni;
• ezoqoqosho;
• zokuzonwabisa;
• Travel kunye t. D.

Imigaqo ephambili ucando kagunyaziwe

indlela Scientific and practical of ucando ndawo kuza migaqo ezintathu ezingundoqo:

• kazwelonke;
• solawulo;
• kwezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo kaZwelonke socando lwemida ithatha ingqalelo ukwakhiwa yobuhlanga labantu kwi intsimi banikwa, izithethe zabo kunye neempawu nembali umsebenzi nobomi.

Umgaqo Administrative ebonisa umanyano Iziseko zoqoqosho kunye ezopolitiko kunye olawulo ilizwe okanye kummandla othile. Ngoncedo lwakhe ukudala iimeko azivumi ukuba uphuhliso ngokuzimeleyo kwiingingqi ezithile zikarhulumente.

Ekugqibeleni, lo mgaqo kwezoqoqosho zocando ingqalelo nayiphi na indawo njengenxenye kwisakhiwo esinye noqoqosho lweli lizwe kunye iseti izibonelelo mveliso kunye nezibonelelo.

Le migaqo ezintathu ezisisiseko kunye ezamkelwe jikelele. Bona mazibalwe zonke iintlobo socando indawo.

Ubume kunye namanqanaba ucando kwezoqoqosho

neengingqi zoqoqosho - inkqubo yokwabiwa kweendawo okanye imimandla yelizwe (kummandla), ebonisa ukwahlulwa oqhubekekayo yabasebenzi. Eyona njongo yale nkqubo - nokudalwa iimeko yokuqhutywa kwemigaqo yoqoqosho neyentlalo. Xa ucando kwezoqoqosho kubalulekile ukuqwalasela izinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, sithetha malunga iidiphozithi of izimbiwa kunye amafutha izibonelelo, iimeko zemozulu, izinga lokuchuma komhlaba, izalathisi demographic.

neengingqi zoqoqosho kwenzeka kumanqanaba amathathu. Zezi:

• macro-level (ukhetho imimandla yezoqoqosho ezinkulu);
• eziphakathi (ukwabiwa neengingqi zoqoqosho ngaphakathi kwilizwe elinye okanye kummandla);
• micro-level (ukhetho amaziko mveliso, izakhiwo neendawo zemisebenzi yezoqoqosho).

Indalo kunye neentlobo Ukwahlulwa ngeendawo

ucando Geographical - inkqubo yokuzahlula emhlabeni kweenkqubo zomntu ngamnye kunye izakhiwo, ezahluke umanyano lwabo lwangaphakathi kunye iseti iimpawu ezithile zendalo.

It isigqibo sokwabela iintlobo ezininzi ngeendawo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neendawo. Ngenxa yoko, oko kumiselwa usetyenziso (latitudinal) okanye azonal, ezintsonkothileyo okanye kwishishini. Xa isebe division (liqhuma) kwindawo socando lwenziwa yi isiqabu, imozulu, utyani, njalo-njalo. D.

Le nxalenye ezingundoqo kwinkqubo oluneqela ngeendawo emzimbeni okuyo facies. Le fom elula nayiphi na yomhlaba, nto leyo ibekwe ngaphakathi kwindawo enye nexhoba eziphilayo kwaye ukufana lobume zomhlaba, ulawulo lwamanzi, microclimate kunye nomhlaba.

Ucando ekhoyo Russia

Amalinge okuqala ukuba amasebe lizwe zenziwa ngamaxesha pre-revolution. Nangona kunjalo, lo mzekelo iphawulekayo ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela kulo mkhuba isicwangciso ebizwa ngokuba yokufakelwa kombane, 1921 (Konke-Union ngesicwangciso umbane). Kuye zisekelwe kumgaqo ubunye candelo lolawulo kunye noqoqosho karhulumente.

ucando Modern geographical ubonelela ulwabiwo ngaphakathi kumazwe elinambini Russian physiographic. Ngamnye kubo bomzi kwendawo, iimpawu zemozulu biogeographic efanayo. Nazi ilizwe:

1. ithafa Russian.
2. Caucasus.
3. Urals.
4. Fennoscandia.
5. I-Arctic siqithi.
6. West eSiberia.
7. I-avareji eSiberia.
8. North-Eastern eSiberia.
9. Koryak-ena-Kuril lizwe.
10. lizwe zamanzi.
11. ZeAltai-Sayan lizwe.
12. Amur-Sakhalin lizwe.

ucando zoqoqosho zale mihla lizwe ukwanikezela kukwahlukana kummandla eRussia neengingqi zoqoqosho 12. Bonke azilingani ngobukhulu kunye yesifundo abayifundisayo. Sibala zonke ezi ndawo:

• Central.
• Central Black Earth.
• North.
• North-West.
• North Caucasus.
• East Siberian.
• West Siberian.
• East Far.
• IVolga.
• Phambene.
• IVolga-Vyatka.
• Kaliningrad.

isiphelo

Yintoni zocando? Le yinkqubo ngokwahlula bendawo phezu inxalenye (kwimimandla) avelisa iimpawu ezithile. Ngokusekelwe iinjongo kunye neenjongo, le nkqubo inokuba ulwazi okanye ezakhayo. Ngokusekelwe isiqulatho lwangaphakathi, nto isigqibo sokwabela okuyo kwezoqoqosho, ukubalwa, ucando, zemozulu kunye nezinye iintlobo yayo.