Yintoni na morphology ezincinane?

Le morphology kwala magciwane - isayensi ochaphazelekayo kunye isifundo isimo sabo, isakhiwo, iindlela yokuzala kunye nentshukumo.

Imithetho nokufumanisa

Le isayensi ebanzi kakhulu kwaye sele efunda imiba emininzi. Nangona zonke iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo emehlweni abantu, baya zikhona kwaye zombini "ezilungileyo" umzimba kwakunye ezimbi.

Iintsholongwane zingafunyanwa kuzo zonke iinkalo mpawu wobomi: amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Okokuqala afunda ngayo iintsholongwane Leeuwenhoek nzulu esidumileyo benza ekuveliseni lens yokuqala, ukuvumela izinto ukwandisa ukuya ku amaxesha ezimakhulu mabini. Yabona into wamangala ngokupheleleyo. Scientist wafumanisa ukuba amagciwane yonke yaye zahluke zonke omnye komnye. Ngaloo ndlela, Leeuwenhoek waye discoverer ezincinane.

ULouis Pasteur waqalisa ukufunda lo mbuzo, njengoko morphology ezincinane, wafumana ukuba akukho nje babe isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemilo, kodwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nentshukumo kunye nokuzala. Ufumanise ukuba ezinye Cya neziyilimazayo umzimba womntu, yaye ezinye, phezu koko, luncedo. Kwakhona bafumanisa ukuba iintsholongwane ezifana igwele, kungakhokelela ekubeni iinkqubo ukubila.

Le morphology eziphilayo ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi ukuba zizakhele isitofu eyahlukileyo ukunceda ukumelana ngezifo ezibulalayo.

ngezigaba

Amagciwane zithathwa abameli wabaphilileyo sincinane kwi kwiplanethi enguMhlaba. Kakhulu, bona kwiseli enye, uze ucinge ngazo kuphela esinamandla kakhulu.

Olu hlobo ubungakanani ubomi ulinganiswa micrometers kunye neenanometer. Kwindalo, bafumana isixa esikhulu, ngoko ke kufuneka umahluko ezibalulekileyo kubume, yindlela ubukho kunye nentshukumo.

Ngokutsho esekwe yokuhlelwa, iintsholongwane bohlulwa babe acellular, kwiseli kunye multicellular. Ngelo xesha linye zahlulwe zigaba: nomngundo, igwele, phages, iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane.

A kangako ngayo iintsholongwane

Xa isifundo izihloko ezifana morphology ezincinane, ingqalelo enkulu kufuneka ihlawulwe iintsholongwane. Kakhulu, bona elilodwa olunye-(nangona kukho iimeko) kwaye ngaka ezininzi nezinkulu. Ezinye zazo micrometers 500.

Kukho iindidi eziliqela iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ngendlela yabo. Oku kungaquka intonga-ezimilise, ibhola-okwe kunye eziphilayo crimped. Makhe siqwalasele uhlobo ngalunye.

iintsholongwane Spherical amayeza zibizwa ngokuba "cocci". Amaninzi ke imilo ngeenxa zonke, nangona maxa wambi kukho kwakhona okweqanda, angenziwa iimbotyi-ezimile. Zingakotshwa zibekwe nje kuphela ngabanye kodwa ngababini, ngokohlobo imixokelelwane okanye izidiliya.

Abaninzi kubo kuba nefuthe elibi emzimbeni womntu. Umzekelo, streptococci kunokubangela ngumzimba, kwaye staphylococci banoxanduva ukuze kwakhiwe ubovu kunye neenkqubo arhabaxa.

izinti Iintsholongwane-ezimilise, zezona common kakhulu. Ezi Cya ezikhokelela sisifo sephepha, yicesina, nokuxaxaza igazi.

Ezinye iintlobo kwizinti phantsi kweemeko ezimbi zokusingqongileyo, benza sikuyo. iintsholongwane ezinjalo ebizwa lesifo.

Ibihlungu ukubunjwa - inkqubo umdla kakhulu kwaye zintsonkothile, ngokuba iseli ngokwawo olu hlobo yahluke gqitha ukusuka bacilli eziqhelekileyo. ingxabano ngalinye inwebu ashinyeneyo aqinileyo, nakubeni izixa kakhulu amanzi. Le seli akufuneki izondlo, uyeke ukuwusa kwaye zande. Kule mpikiswano inokuba ukungabikho iimeko zobomi, ezifana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu okanye asezantsi. Kodwa kamsinya nje kukho kuza kubo indawo evumayo, ngoko nangoko baqala ubomi babo.

iintsholongwane ezijijekileyo afumaneka ngokufuthi ngohlobo isiphumlisi okanye curls. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi Cya zibangela izifo ezifana ngegcushuwa kunye nekholera.

iintsholongwane abaninzi bayakwazi ukuhambahamba, kwaye benza njalo ngoncedo misila iimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobude.

Zanda olulodwa. Le nkqubo fast kakhulu (rhoqo emva kwemizuzu elishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini). Uninzi proliferation kungabonwa ukutya kunye kwindawo eyahlukileyo, nto leyo eye ixabiso eliphezulu yesondlo.

virus

Virus ingabalelwa iqela elithile eziphilayo musa ukuba isakhiwo zeselula. Ezi fom ubomi mancinane kakhulu, ngoko ingabonwa kuphela ne kwemikroskopu. Ezinye iintlobo iintsholongwane kuphela zibandakanya ngeeproteni nangenucleic acids.

Wonke umntu awajamelana ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe kunye nezifo ezibangelwa ezi Cya. Ezi ziquka umkhuhlane, hepatitis, imasisi kunye nezinye izifo ezininzi.

awafanele

Eli qela ezincinane ngokhethekileyo. Amakhowa azinayo yiklorofil ekwakhiweni, kwaye ongavelisi kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto eziphilayo. Kufuneka iimveliso zokutya esele zenziwe. Kungenxa yoko le nto fungi amaninzi zifumaneka kwimihlaba echumayo okanye iimveliso zokutya.

Mushroom luphawulwa indlela yokuza- ezahlukeneyo. Ezi meko ke azibandakanyi nje kuphela indlela ngesondo kunye maqanda, kodwa ngokukha.

okuze

Amagwele ezi elilodwa olunye-ezisisigxina, ukuba ifomu kakhulu abohlukeneyo. Kukho zombini ngeenxa kunye neentlobo okweqanda, inentonga kunye irhengqa.

Olu hlobo ezincinane zabiwa ngokubanzi. Ke ingafunyanwa kwi izityalo emhlabeni, kuquka ukutya, ngoko zimbi. Ezinye zazo bayakwazi ukuguqula iswekile ibe carbon dioxide kunye notywala. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukubila. Nguye kwemfuno enkulu yokudla.

Morphology ezincinane: iintsholongwane

Kubangel 'umdla ukwazi ukuba iintsholongwane - luhlobo lobomi wabonakala kwiplanethi yethu yokuqala. osemqoka yazo engundoqo isakhiwo cell. Mu kuya kwa nshita eukaryotes (iiseli eziqulathe core), prokaryotes (iintsholongwane) azinamgaqo nuclei.

Ezi amagciwane zifumaneka kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kwaye abe negalelo ngqo ubomi bomntu ngokunjalo.

Izazinzulu bazihlela bacterium kwakhona kwi siseko eluncedo. Kukho iintlobo luncedo kwaye kuyingozi. Useful inxaxheba kwinkqubo photosynthesis, kuba nempembelelo entle kwinkqubo yokwetyisa babantu, yaye ngokufuthi esetyenziswa kwishishini.

Ukufunda Cya morphology inika uluvo jikelele ubukho babo, kwaye kananjalo ubanika ithuba lokuba bafunde iinzuzo tywaleni kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

iiseli Standard bacteria yabhalwa kula macandelo:

• I-plasma ndizayo. Le iseli element ayikho ezahlukeneyo ukusuka inwebu of eukaryotes.

• Mesosoma - isakhi ezizodwa apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba qhoboshela kwiseli izinto amafa.

• Nucleotide. Asinto i kernel aphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo. Iqulathe zonke zofuzo.

• Ribosomes - organelles ezithile, ithatha malunga amane ekhulwini kwisithuba yeselula.

Ngaphandle izinto ngasentla, inxalenye iiseli prokaryotic kwakhona iquka: ukugubungela udonga philisi kunye neeseli yangaphakathi. iintsholongwane abaninzi bayakwazi ukufudukela ngokuzimeleyo kwaye ninamathele kumphezulu. Akwenza oku ngokusebenzisa misila ezizodwa kunye villi.

Le morphology ezincinane eziphilayo iintsholongwane, umngundo kunye amagwele

Virus - umzimba ezizodwa, apho kungekho isakhiwo zeselula. isuntswana nganye iqulathe iqokobhe layo, kwakunye ibekwe esizikithini ulwazi core.

Kodwa ke isakhiwo kwiiseli nomngundo kuba nzima ngaphezu koko ezinye iintsholongwane. Ukubunjwa kwakhona iquka iseli nucleus yabo vacuoles. Ngokutsho isakhiwo, ziyafana kakhulu izityalo, kodwa ube imilo eyahlukileyo. Kubonakala ngathi elide, bemicu eyayizalwa ebizwa hyphae. ezinjalo hyphae Ngokuqhelekileyo ibe mycelium.

iiseli igwele iqanjwa zonke iingxenye eukaryotes, kodwa ngaphandle koko, ukuba azalwe kunye namanye amacandelo. yokuvelela yabo ixhomekeke isibakala ukuba iimpawu zombini izilwanyana kunye nezityalo.

lokugaya

Morphology kunye zomzimba ezincinane kuvumela ukuqonda amanqanaba nto ibalulekileyo ebomini babo. Le ntsholongwane ngendlela efanayo njengoko iifom ubomi ngakumbi, lo Yindibanisela lipids, amafutha kunye carbohydrate. Kodwa iinkqubo ezifanayo iiseli zabo ezahlukeneyo.

Abaphengululi baye iintlobo ezimbini eukaryotes: autotrophs kunye heterotrophs.

Uhlobo lokuqala okwazi nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo ezivela iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, kodwa uvelisa a Iinkqubo zenguqu yesibini organic amacandelo.

Amaninzi heterotrophs kukho iintsholongwane olwaye lwamfimfitha. Iphila kuphela ngeendleko izondlo abangena umzimba womkhosi yabo.

Kukwakho ke saprophytes. Bona bondliwa eziphilayo abafileyo kuhlelwe izinto.

morphology noshowo kwala magciwane - oko, mntundini, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ukufunda ngobomi iintsholongwane. Noko ke, ukongezelela isakhiwo yeseli kufuneka athathe ingqalelo iindidi ukutya. uhlobo eyakhayo sele kuxoxwe ngasentla. Kukho kwakhona exchange amandla.

Abaphengululi baye yachonga ezi ntlobo zamandla:

• Photosynthesis. Le nkqubo iya kwenziwa phambi ioksijini, kwaye ngaphandle kwayo.

• Ukubila. Le yokusabela amandla kwenzeka ngenxa yokuzahlula molecule phosphoric acid idluliselwe kwi ADP.

• Ukuphefumla. Cya ukwazi ukuphefumla nje kuphela ngenxa mpilo, koko iikhompawundi organic nezimbiwa.

Ukudluliselwa kwenkcazelo yemfuza

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukudlulisela prokaryotes ulwazi yemfuza (morphology kunye KABLOOM ezincinane nayo kweli nqaku). Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ngamnye kubo:

• Conjugation - indlela ukudluliselwa kolwazi yemfuza ukusuka kwenye ephilayo omnye kuphela ngokudibana zabo ngqo;

• uhlobo transmission, apho abanikeli ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye abamkeli - Inguqu;

• Transduction - indlela transfer ngqo kwezinto kusetyenziswa phages njengelifa.

Iindlela zokufunda ezincinane morphology

Ungasebenzisa indlela isifundo lichaneke kakhulu ubume prokaryotes njengoko microscopy kunye bala.

iindlela obuncinane for ukufunda Cya morphology zaveliswa ngenxa electron nokukhanya iimikroskopu. Iingcali ziye iindlela ezininzi ukufumana ezona ziphumo echanekileyo.

indlela yokufunda Morphological yenza neemicroscope ukuba uqwalasele isakhiwo kwiiseli, ngokunjalo ukuhamba kunye nokukwazi nokuzala.

indlela period kuvumela ukuqwalasela indlela abasabela ngayo ezincinane zizinto ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye nokukwazi ukumelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ngenxa indlela namasiko kungaba kwenziwe uphononongo le silwanyana in a medium kwezondlo. Le ndlela ivumela ukuchonga amandla okukhula sizale.

Morphology ezincinane (eziphilayo) - oku kwesayensi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba izifundo iintsholongwane kunye namanye olunye-elilodwa. Musa ukucinga ukuba kuphela iintsholongwane ezibangela umonakalo imvelo kanye umzimba womntu. Makube lee oko. Ngaphandle kwabo, ubomi kwi Umhlaba akunakwenzeka.