Kukho ngoku iholide yobungcali kuzo zonke msebenzi. Apho yena nabantu abasebenza kwi mapping. wemihlaba Imini cartographer kuqatshelwe ngenyanga yokuqala yasentwasahlobo rhoqo ngeCawa yesibini, akukhathaliseki nokuba ingqamana kunye nezinye iiholide okanye hayi. Ngoko ke, ngo-2009, weza ngoMatshi 8. Kuba abo ngokunxulumana kartosostavitelstvom le holide azithathelwa ngqalelo, ukuba kuphosakele ngokupheleleyo. Ngapha koko, ukuba ukhangela, umsebenzi beemaphu kunye abahloli kubalulekile ukuba ngamnye kuthi.
Njani lo mbhiyozo
Xa ukugubha wemihlaba eRashiya, wathi echazwe ummiselo kaMongameli, esatyikitywa 2000, ngomhla we-11 kuNovemba. Nyanga akabanyulanga ngengozi. Kwaba ngoMatshi 1720th uKumkani Enkulu uPetros I wakhupha umyalelo kwi imfuno kunye nembopheleleko ngemisebenzi zokuzoba kuzo zonke iinkalo zikarhulumente Russian. Kwaye ngoMatshi 1919th sele urhulumente waseSoviet kwi ubuso Commissars Abantu atyikitye umthetho phezu ukusekwa VSU (Geodetic Administration). Usuku wemihlaba e-Ukraine edibene kwemini komhlaba kwaye babhiyozele ngo-Apreli, nganye Cawa wokuqala enyangeni. Maxa wambi iwela ngomhla woku-1 kwaye ingqamana imini intsini. Kukho ezinye imibutho ukuba babhiyozele abahloli zabo leeholide zobungcali beemaphu nge-15 Matshi, emva kokuba Ndiwise umthetho of Commissars Abantu, yapapashwa ngowe-1919.
beemaphu bamandulo
Iphutha ocinga ukuba amakhadi kuphela edingekayo ukugqiba into emhlabeni. Nabo, unako nokuba bafunde imbali iplanethi yethu! Kukholelwa ukuba iindawo umfanekiso yokuqala ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngqo wabonakala kwiinkulungwane 14-15 AD. Kodwa ke khona kudala phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu. Umzekelo woku khadi ye-nzulu Greek uPtolemy, nto leyo icacisa onke amazwekazi, kuquka Antarctica, zibonakala ngokucacileyo. Kamva imisebenzi yakhe isetyenziswa beemaphu ezininzi zamaXesha Aphakathi. Isazinzulu French Orontsy Feeney (Oronteus Phynius) emva ngo-1531 waqalisa imephu yehlabathi ka-Antarctica, oko kukuthi, phantse 300 iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uvule elisemthethweni! Nokuba ngaphambili, ngowe-1513, Antarctica iye zimelwe kwi imephu Piri Reis, i gosa, umphengululi kunye Waswivo liphambili waseConstantinople. Kwakukho nezinye abacwangcisi, apho kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye le cartographer imini unocanda. Bona wasishiya imephu kwelizwekazi eqhaqhazelisa ehlabathini ngaphandle ngumkhenkce, kunye indawo ngqo ze imilambo, amachweba kunye neenduli, apho oosonzululwazi baye bafunda kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20.
Mystery of Atlantis
Hon UPlato ngo VI BC ngenkulungwane, jika iqhina malunga Atlantis uluntu. Ekubeni ufuna nzima into enye kwikona lomhlaba, ngoko kwindawo enye. Enkosi kwi imephu mandulo Antarctica, oluqulunqwe ngokuchanileyo emangalisayo, kwabakho inguqulelo ubukho mpucuko elahlekileyo apho. Iinkqubo ezingaziwayo thina beemaphu eyayiphila kwiminyaka kwezigidi ezithandathu okanye nangaphezulu eyadlulayo, yaye musa ukucinga ukuba kanye liya kubhiyozela unocanda kunye cartographer, baye bavumela izazinzulu mihla ukwenza izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi. Enkosi amakhadi abo, wafumanisa ukuba kukho ixesha elide e Antarctica yaba imozulu kakhulu onobulali, kufutshane lweMeditera. Kukho kwakuqukuqela umlambo, iigadi isikhotha. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, yinto impucuko wamandulo lubekhona ukuhlasela. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu ziye lwenzelwa seismic kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce, uphando nzulu, bemba ubukhulu ngumkhenkce wathabatha iisampuli. Uhlolisiso yaqinisekisa ukuba beemaphu bamandulo warhola amakhadi bakhe ngokuchanileyo emangalisayo. Indlela enza ngayo ngaphandle nasiphi isixhobo mihla ayaziwa.
iindlela nemephu
imephu ngalinye uqondisa igridi (nezide Latitude). Ngubani na ukumisela wobude chronometer. Isixhobo lokuqala ezifana lwasungulwa ngenkulungwane ye-18, uJohn Harrison. Ngaphambi koku, abaqulunqi ze owehlayo amakhadi bubonwa ngokujonga komnyama-Hewana, ububanzi - ithambeka ukukhanya komhlaba lé. izinto Indawo bazimisele abangaboniyo, yaye umgama walinganisa iintambo okanye nge kweevili. scrolled bakhe into kuye kwinjongosenzi, uze liphindaphindwe ubude kongqameko kwinani yeenguqu. Kodwa ukuze zihlahle kucacile amazwekazi ezikude, kwafuneka mhlawumbi ukulufikelela okanye ifundwe ukusuka babengabafo abade. Ngoku kwenziwa ngoncedo Iifoto zasemoyeni, esebenzisa Hewana, yaye ngaphambili? Kuhleli kukho imfihlelo abantu ababephila ngayo ngaphezu 5-6, kunye zeminyaka eyadlulayo, wakwazi ukuba ngobulungisa ngokuchanileyo kucacile kumazwekazi ezingaziwayo kubo.
ababehamba
Ngenkulungwane ye-13, owavela ikhampasi, olwenza kwaba lula kakhulu umsebenzi beemaphu. Ngelo xesha yimephu ilizwe kuphela, kodwa ulwandle, apho esetyenziswa yi oomatiloshe. Yile bandlala buti Hristofora Kolumba. Ngophuhliso yeNavigeyishini kunye nokufika okuchaneka izixhobo yemephu landiswa kakhulu kwaye yaphuculwa. ithi abaninzi banikele zobuntlola ukuhlola amazwe ezingaziwayo. Ngenxa yoko, amakhadi ziye ngqo ngakumbi, kananjalo jikelele kuqala. It wadalwa yi waseJamani Martin Behaim. Kamva, Gerhard kweMercator kunye Abraham Ortelius wenza sabheka yokuqala yehlabathi. Kukholelwa ukuba inzululwazi cartography kokusungulwa Mercator. Ngosuku yoMhloli kunye cartographer, abaninzi chaza igama lakhe. Yaba lo mphengululi lingenise inkqubo kwakuthethwa zejografi noqikelelo imephu. Ngenkulungwane ye-18 baqalisa umlinganiselo kubude into ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, apho laba sisiqalo-mphandle.
Cartography eRussia
ERashiya, njengoko kuzo zonke kumazwe aphuhlileyo, kubaluleke kakhulu saqhotyoshelwa ulwazi imilambo indawo, amachibi, amahlathi, izixeko kunye neendlela phakathi kwabo. Nkqu Ivan Grozny wakhupha umyalelo zengqokelela kwindawo umzobo eneenkcukacha. Isiphumo yaba ebizwa ngokuba "umzobo Big", ngoku yalahleka. Sinako amazwana kuphela kulo msebenzi. Kodwa waqhubeka iikopi iimaphu eSiberia, nama-odolo Peter Godunov ngo-1667. Kwaye Fyodor Godunov, usebenzisa i "umzobo Big" wenza imephu yakhe. Kwaye nangona ukumkani, wachitha isibini kweenyanga, lo cartographer bekumnandi. Peter I, ngenxa ke wakuvakala umthetho sisidlo wemihlaba ngoMatshi, hayi nje uyichole ikhuni of cartography Russian, kodwa lo mba enye zibalulekileyo kule meko. Ukuze enze umsebenzi uPetros I wamema engravers amazwe, ndandisele wathumela amagosa lobulali elingcono kunye abahloli (Kozhin kunye Urusova). Kamva, oko kupapashwa sabheka yokuqala Russia kunye neemephu-19 kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
cartography lwangoku
Cartography iye yakhula kwaye emva kokuba uPetros I. Paul mna lo msebenzi kwisebe emkhosini, Alexander I yasekwa angaphathi abahloli zomkhosi, kunye Nicholas I ikuvumile ukusekwa kwe Pulkovo Observatory. Iindlela kunye nobuchwepheshe nemephu siyaqhubeka ukuphucula. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini beemaphu baqala ukusebenzisa iinkqubo olulandelelanayo kwaye nomsi imifanekiso yezinto. bakha Electronic Technology fyabo, abashicileli, yabavavanyi, isicelo eriyeli ngakumbi siyiphuculeyo inkqubo ekudaleni iimephu echanekileyo. Ke kaloku, ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso ubomi bethu. Iimephu abaqhubi kunye nabakhenkethi, komhlaba kunye abakhi. Abahloli ukwenza izicwangciso zazo, ii-inventri, iimephu, iziporo kunye emendweni. Usuku Umlinganisi 2014 Iwile ku-9 Matshi, nje emva kokuba uSuku lwabaseTyhini. UMongameli wavuyisana abahloli kunye beemaphu eli lizwe kunye lalibanqwenelela ngakumbi impumelelo yomsebenzi.
Siyavuyisana kwi unocanda kunye cartographer
Ngomhla ezitalatweni zeedolophu needolophana amaninzi ukubona abantu kunye nesakhelo, inqanaba okanye theodolite. Ukuba bathathe imilinganiselo, ukumisela indawo elichanekileyo wejografi izinto, enze engile yokubopha. Ndivuyisane nabo iholide yabo sokuqeqeshelwa kuba amazwi nje, kodwa kunokuba imibongo. Umzekelo, ezi:
Abahloli, ii-atlasi kunye neemephu zonke abacwangcisi,
Ngokuqinisekileyo umsebenzi wakho gqitha,
Ngaba zonke esigingqini wahlala emhlabeni,
Imilambo nemifula engena kulo;
Likhulu ngamaxesha aya umlinganiselo, khangela izihlandlo ezilikhulu
Kwaye sisondele imephu yakhe yasemaphakadeni,
Leisure nge sezulu-wabethwa badla yahlula,
Khangela phantsi iingxaki.
Ngoko ke i uye ancume
Thamsanqa nokwenzeka ogcina engozini,
Zonke izimvo zakho kubulawa,
Kwaye ni ntsako ngokwanele iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci!