Van't Hoff factor

izisombululo Isotonic - iqela elikhethekileyo kwezisombululo, obubonakala ngokuba yi xi osmotic. Kubaluleke enjalo, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo ulwelo emzimbeni, ezifana: plasma yegazi, iinyembezi, nkovu, njalo-njalo. Zonke ezi ulwelo kukho uxinzelelo postoyannoem kummandla 7.4 ATM. Ngoko ke, ukuba zifakwa emzimbeni ukuba kuqaliswa, ziya kwaphulwa uxinzelelo osmotic yamanzi, njengoko uya kwaphulwa ukulinganisela efanayo.

Ukuze alungiselele isisombululo enjalo, kufuneka wenze ezinye izibalo. Eyona ndlela ithandwayo Ukuthwala alupheleli nje van't Hoff factor isotonic. Ngayo, unokuthi ukwazi ukubala isotonic isisombululo yoxinaniso ukwimo exutywe, ingeyo electrolyte. Uxinzelelo osmotic, isixa isicombululo, kunye nokuxhomekeka yayo ubushushu kakhulu ingakumbi leyo ichazwe Clapeyron equation. Isetyenziswa ngokuphathelele ukuxuba izisombululo, njengoko ngokomthetho ka van't Hoff, izinto ixutywe lwelo aziphathe ngendlela efanayo njengoko iigesi nangenxa kubo isicelo yonke imithetho negesi njalo-.

Van't Hoff factor - le nto, njengokuba parameter, leyo ubonakalise ukuziphatha mba na isisombululo. Ethetha ezilingana ngamanani Van't Hoff into elingana umlinganiselo lepropati lwamanani Collegiate ixabiso ubephethwe isisombululo nonelectrolyte eyodwa, nengqwalaselo enye, lo gama zonke ezinye iparameters kuhlala ingatshintshwanga.

Intsingiselo emzimbeni lomlingani isotonic kucaca kwinkcazelo parameter nganye Collegiate. Bonke bephela zixhomekeke uyondelelwano lwee- iyeza sisombululo yamasuntswana. Nonelectrolytes ngeke sizibandakanye indlela dissociation, Noko ke, molecule ngalinye elilodwa iziyobisi ziya kuba isuntswana ngalinye. Electrolytes, inkqubo solvation needs iba ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokungaphelelanga zibe ion, kanjalo zakha amasuntswana eziliqela. Kubonakala ukuba iipropati colligative iya kuxhomekeka kwinani amasuntswana eziqulethwe iintlobo kulo ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye ion. Ngenxa yoko, lomlingani isotonic uya kuba umxube izisombululo ezahlukeneyo uhlobo ngalunye yamasuntswana. Xa siqwalasela isisombululo yejiki, kunokuthi kubonwe ukuba luquka iintlobo ezintathu amasuntswana: ukuse- ikhalsiyam hayiphoklorayithi, kwakunye chloride - anions. lomlingani Isotonic iya kubonisa ukuba isisombululo electrolyte iye amasuntswana ngaphezulu kunokuba isisombululo non-electrolyte. Lomlingani kuya kuxhomekeka ekubeni into ke zahlulwe zibe ion - namnye ngaphandle impahla dissociation.

Ekubeni electrolytes enamandla abakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo dissociation, oko uyagwetyelwa ukulindela ukuba Van't Hoff into kule meko lilingana nenani ion eziqulethwe molecule. Noko ke, eneneni, ixabiso lomlingani usoloko ngaphantsi kwexabiso, ibalwe kusetyenziswa EQ. Esi sikhundla lihlala ngo-1923 ngu Debye ne Hiickel. Ukuba baqulunqe thiyori electrolytes oliqele; ion akayi kuba imiqobo ukuhamba, njengoko kuya kuba solvation iqokobhe. Ngaphezu koko, solo uya kusebenzisana nabanye, ekhokelela ekugqibeleni ukuyilwa lelo qembu ekutyibilikeni kwicala elinye yi isisombululo. Lo ngumbutho kunye ion kuthiwa-ionic ngababini. Zonke iinkqubo ziya kuqhubeka isisombululo ukuze ngokungathi iqulathe amasuntswana ezimbalwa.

Intsebenziswano yokuba nabo iqala ukwehla njengoba lobushushu uya kuvuka kwakunye ukunciphisa ingqalelo. Zonke ngenxa yokuba kulo mzekelo yancitshiswa kwaye linokuba yokuhlangana amasuntswana ezahlukeneyo isisombululo.