Uphi umlambo waseMammoth - umlambo omde kakhulu emhlabeni?

Xa sithi "i-Mammoth Cave", sizicingela ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuhlala kusinikwa iinqaba ezinkulu ezifunyenwe ngabavulindlela kwiiholo eziphantsi komhlaba. Enyanisweni, igama lesiNgesi elithi Mammoth lithetha "inkulu". Ngoko ke, umhume awuhlangani nantoni na mammoths. Kodwa ke, ukutyelela kwakhe kunomdla kakhulu. Leli hlabathi elimangalisayo elingaphantsi komhlaba, elinamahholo amakhulu, iindinyana ezide, iifali zemiqolo. Nantsi imilambo yokuhamba, iimfesane zokungena, kukho amachibi. KuMlambo iMammoth kufunyanwa abameli abakhethekileyo beemfucu ezingenanto, iintlanzi eziyimfama. Le larrinth yangaphantsi komhlaba ayizange ihlolwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngethuba singathetha ngamakhilomitha amahlanu anesibhozo anesixhenxe ubude. Kwaye lo mfanekiso othusayo ukhokelela umqolomba kaMamontov kwiingqungquthela ezingekho phantsi kwemimiselo yamagumbi amade aphantsi komhlaba. Kodwa emva kwayo yonke into, unyaka wonke, iipleologists zifumanisa iindinyana ezintsha neeholo! Malunga neemangalo zeli hlabathi lifundwa kweli nqaku.

Uphi i-Mammoth Cave

Ngokusekelwe kubude obukhulu beemifanekiso zephantsi komhlaba, sinokuthi batyula phantsi kwe-Flint Ridge (Flint Ridge) yonke inqumla kwi-Appalachians entshona. Umqolomba omkhulu unemihla emininzi ephuma emhlabeni. Kwaye ngaphambili kwakukholelwa ukuba i-Crystal, i-Salty, engaziwa-iindawo eziphantsi komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, iiproleological izifundo eziqhutywe phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo, zazinzisa ukuba zonke zixhumene noMamontova. Kwaye ngo-1972, ukuhamba kweentlobo zenzululwazi kwatyhilele ingqungquthela kwinkqubo enkulu yeemifanekiso zephantsi komhlaba iFisher Ridge. Ingundoqo, umnyango osemthethweni usekufutshane nedolophu yaseBrownsville (eKentucky, eU.SA). Kwiikhilomitha ezingamashumi asibhozo ngumzi waseB Bowling Green, apho umqolomba uxhumeke ngeendlela 31E, 31W kunye ne-65. Ii-airports ezikufuphi zifumaneka e-Indianapolis naseNashville.

Nentsingiselo

Ekubeni izazinzulu zakha uxhulumaniso phakathi kweemifanekiso zephantsi komhlaba phantsi kweenqanawa ze-Fisher kunye ne-Flint, uMlambo waseMammoth ube ngumde kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ngaloo ndlela, i-UNESCO yayiqukelele ngo-1981 kwiLuhlu lweeNdawo zeMveli zeMveli (ngaphantsi kwenombolo 150). Ukuba udibanisa emaphandleni, uhlala kwindawo yesibini neyesithathu ehlabathini, uMamontov uya kuba ngumde ngaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci mathandathu. Ngokusemthethweni, oku kudalwa kwemvelo kuthiwa yiMammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System. Oku kungaguqulelwa ngokuthi "Iprogram enkulu yeCave phantsi kwe-Flint Ridge". Kodwa kungekhona kuphela ngenxa yobungakanani bezokhenketho eziya kule ndawo. Amammoth cave (ifoto ibonisa) inokumangalela iindwendwe zayo. Lapha kwafunyanwa umzimba odibeneyo wamaNdiya, owafa amawaka amabini amawaka edlulileyo kunye ne-extraction of gypsum. Ngombulelo kwi-microclimate ekhethekileyo kunye nokungabikho kweebhaktheriya emoyeni, iimpahla kunye nezicubu zesidumbu zigcinwe ngokupheleleyo. Sivele sichaza abemi abangabonakaliyo abangenamakhaya abangaphantsi kweemilambo e- Echo kunye neStyx. Oososayensi abakwazi ukubonisa ukuba ezi zidalwa ziphi na iintlobo zeentlanzi eziyaziwayo. Ipaki yesizwe yenziwe ngeenxa yeMammoth Gate ukuze ilondoloze ubunjani bentombi kunye noluntu lwamatye.

Indlela umgaqo womqolomba owasekwa ngayo

Ngaphambili, endaweni yeli xesha lakwaKentucky lishaya ulwandle olunzulu nolushushu. Izigidi zeelusks zahlala kwaye zafa kulo mmandla wamanzi, kwaye iigobolondo zazo zagubha ezantsi, zaphazamiseka, zacinywa phantsi kobunzima babanye. Ngoko kwakhiwa uluhlu olunamandla lwe-limestone. Emva koko ulwandle lwaqala ukuhlaziya, lubangele ububanzi obuninzi nolungenakunqandwa kwinqwaba elikhulu le-Big Cliftey. Kwiinyanga ezilishumi ezidlulileyo edlulileyo, inkqubo ye-karst ye-limestone yaqala. I-sandstone yayenza njengesiqhekeza: ayizange ivumele amanzi emvula ukuba ahlambe isitya esivela ngasentla. I-limestone yahlanjululwa ngaphakathi kwiindawo ezinzulu zomhlaba ngamanzi omlambo ongaphantsi komhlaba. Ngako oko, uMmango waseMammoth ukhangeleka kuba kukho iindlela ezimbalwa eziqhelekileyo zeeprottoes - stalactites kunye ne-stalagmites. Kuphela kwezinye iindawo amanzi asemvula atyelela izibhengezo eziphezulu emhlabeni, kwaye kwakhona, ehamba ngesihlunu, wadala iiholo "eziqingqiweyo zeNiagara" nabanye.

Ukuvulwa komqolomba

Bobabini umnyango oyintloko kunye nezinye izivulo, ezazibonwa zivila kwi-grottos ehlukeneyo, sele ziqhelana namaNdiya asekuhlaleni. Oku kubonakaliswa ngamangcwaba kunye nabazimba abafileyo, kunye neenqwaba zemingcongolo echithwe, abaphi na abahlolisisi bokuqala abasebenzisa njengezibane. Umama wesigodi se-gypsum, echithwe yi-block yeetoni ezintlanu, wafunyanwa ngamakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka emnyango. Kodwa phakathi kweYurophu umqolomba kaMamontov waziwa ngokususela ngowe-1797, kwaye wabulela kweso sihlandlo. Abazingeli ababini, ngokuphishekela i-grizzly eyalimala, babona umnyango omkhulu emilonyeni yomhlaba.

Indawo yokutsalwa kwe-saltpeter kunye nomhlaba wasemaphandleni

Abakholoni abahamba ngokukhawuleza bafumanisa isicelo sokufumanisa kwabo. Umnini wokuqala, u-V. Simon, wathola i- potassium nitrate apha kwaye waba ngutyebi, ukususela ngoko kwakukho imfazwe ne-England. Ngexesha loxolo, xa imfuno yecandelo le powder lawa, umqolomba waba yindawo ebalulekileyo yendawo ebalulekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela umama waseNdiya wafunyanwa. Ukukhwela iindwendwe ezimbalwa emqolombeni, umnini wayo, F. Gorin ngo-1838 wakhetha isikhokelo kwinceku yakhe, uStephen Bishop. Kuloo ndoda ukuba sinetyala lokuqala kwikhadi labyrinth yangaphantsi. UMbhishophu wakwazi ukuwela "i-Pit Pit" kwaye ufumanise ukuba iMammoth Cave, ubude bayo babucingelwa ngokulingana neekhilomitha ezingama-16, ubude bude - 40 km. Le khoboka-khoboka lafika ngamagama amaninzi kwiiholo kunye neefriji, ezisetyenziswa ngoku zikhokelo zanamhlanje.

Isifo sesifo sofuba, ipaki kazwelonke

UJoe Kogan wathenga umqolomba kwaye ngaphezu kweBhishophu evela kumnini wangaphambili waza wagqiba ekubeni kusekwe indawo yokuhlambalaza abaxhamlayo kwiibilini zomhlaba. Izigulane azizange zifike kakhulu, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuthandwa kweMammoti njengento yezokhenketho ngaphesheya kwelizwe. Kwiminyaka engama-30 ekhulwini lokugqibela, abahlali bendawo ngokubhekiselele kumatyala baye benza ukwahlukana komhlaba malunga nomnyango we-Kogan. Ngowe-1941, iNational Park yeMammoth (National Park Cave National Park) yabonakala - "iMammoth Cave - National Park".

Izihlandlo

Ngamawaka angamawaka amawaka amawaka angamawaka ama-500 a tyelele umqolomba. Ulawulo lweZiko leSizwe linikeza iindwendwe ezininzi iintlobo zeentendo, ezahlukileyo ngexesha, indleko, ubude bendlela kunye nobunzima bayo. Amaxabiso aqala kwiidola ezine (iholide yokuvula iiyure). Eyona nto ikhethiweyo yiyure yeeyure ezintandathu (12 USD). Abakhenkethi baholwa kunye neCleveland Avenue, iindonga zazo zigubungele nge-plaster. Emva koko abantu abahamba ngeenyawo batyelela "kwiGumbi lokuGcina i-Snowman". Indlela iya kudlula kwinqanaba elincinci elincinci leBoon Avenue kwaye iphelela kwiholo "leFrozen Niagara". Ukukhanyisa yonke indlela le ndlela yokuhamba yombane. Kodwa ungayifumana into yokuba i-Mammoth Cave ibonakala ngayo xa ihlolwe ngabavulindlela. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iindwendwe ezininzi "zasendle" (46 USD). Ababhenkethi banikwa iinqununu, iibhanyane, kwaye bahamba nge-labyrinths zamahholo angaphantsi komhlaba kunye neendawo zemihlaba, apho ngezinye izihlandlo omnye kufuneka akhuphuke eluthulini.