Irish umbhali, imbongi wemidlalo Bekket Semyuel: A Biography, iimpawu izibakala zobuchule kunye umdla

Nommi Bekket Semyuel phakathi abaphumeleleyo Nobel Prize-ebizwa ngokuba ububhanxa zoncwadi. Ukwazana umsebenzi wakhe, nto leyo asisebenzisa IsiNgesi nesi-French, translation Russian waqala umdlalo "Ilinde Godot". Yaba yena lowo wazisa impumelelo yokuqala Beckett (ngexesha 1952 - 1953 iminyaka). Okwangoku, abaliqela umbhali odumileyo Semyuel Bekket. Ukudlala iminyaka eyahlukeneyo ngabo, bafake yaseqongeni ezininzi ehlabathini lonke.

Iimpawu ze umdlalo "Ilinde Godot"

Ixesha kwiwotshi yamanani yokuqala, apho uzama ukuqonda ukufunda Beckett - yeqonga yingcinga Maeterlinck. Apha, njengoko e Maeterlinck, ukuqonda intsingiselo kwenzeka ntoni na kunokwenzeka kuphela xa musa ukuzama ukuqalisa ukusuka iindidi ebomini. Kuphela amanyathelo wotshintsho ngolwimi yeesimboli ziqala pick up kwi imiboniso "Godot," ingcamango yombhali. Nangona kunjalo, le mithetho a transfer enjalo ngokwabo yabo ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye mnyama, ukuba elula pick up izitshixo akwenzeki. Beckett ngokwakhe bembuza wenqaba ukuchaza intsingiselo ezifihlakeleyo tragicomedy.

Njengoko Beckett zihlolwe ubuchule babo

Kudliwano-ndlebe, uSamuweli, ochukumisa eli umsebenzi wakhe, wathi umbandela esebenza ngayo - oko ngokungazi, induku. Wathi isaphonononga kule ndawo, ukuba amagcisa ukhetha ukushiya bucala njengento akuvumelani art. Ngesinye isihlandlo, Beckett wathi wayengenguye-sobulumko, yaye akazange ukufunda imisebenzi zobulumko, ngenxa yokuba izikhohlakali zingamoyiki ukuqonda kwizinto ukubhala. Wathi yena unomdla akanguye ngcamango, kodwa kuphela uhlobo apho ivezwe. Akanamdla Beckett kunye neenkqubo. Umsebenzi wegcisa, ngokwembono yakhe, - ukufumana ifom eyaneleyo ukudideka kunye ukumbambezela esibiza khona. Yeyona ingxaki fom uzakuwushiya ungajongwangwa ngexeshana kunye nesigqibo Swedish Academy.

Origin Beckett

Yintoni na iingcambu iimbono Beckett leyo ekhokelele ukuba izithuba kangako? Ngaba ihlabathi engaphakathi umbhali ukucacisa ngobomi yawo emfutshane? Semyuel Bekket, kufuneka bathi, wayengekho umntu lula. Le Facts of Life of uSamuweli abaphandi cinga umsebenzi wakhe uphalaze ukukhanya kakhulu kwi imvelaphi kwimbono yehlabathi zombhali.

Wazalwa Semyuel Bekket (Samuweli Beckett) e Dublin, unyana ka esisityebi yaye uhlonipha amaProtestanti. Izinyanya umbhali, isiFrentshi Huguenot, ngenkulungwane ye-17 bafudukela Ireland, ngethemba lokuba ubomi obutofotofo nenkululeko yonqulo. Kodwa uSamuweli ukususela ekuqaleni akazange eminyaka isiseko yonqulo ideology yosapho. "Abazali bam - uthi - usinike nto yokholo lwabo."

ithuba uqeqesho, imisebenzi yokufundisa

Emva kokufunda kwisikolo abakhethiweyo, uze emva koko kwindawo enye wamaJesuit Trinity College e Dublin, apho wafunda Swift, uze iWilde, Beckett iminyaka emibini benza umsebenzi wokufundisa e Belfast, ngoko ndafudukela eParis waza wasebenza ngokuba ngutitshala osafunda kwiziko elithile IsiNgesi e Higher isikolo kwesiqhelo emva koko kwi-Sorbonne. jaha ufunde lukhulu ababhali zakhe azithandayo baba wabe kunye Shakespeare, uSocrates kunye Descartes. Kodwa ulwazi andiyizisanga kuwe, ludambe umphefumlo noko amnye ebantwini. Malunga neminyaka bakhe, likhumbula: "Ndandingonwabanga ndzi nga va isiqu yakho yonke ukukunyamezela.". Beckett wavuma ukuba sebengabasemzini ngakumbi ebantwini, nangayiphi na indlela inxaxheba. Kwaye ngoko ke ixesha elithathiweyo ukugqiba disorder Beckett kokubini kunye ngokwayo kunye nabanye.

Ubangelwa sigulo nehlabathi

Yintoni na iingcambu sikhundla intransigent ezithathwe ngu Semyuel Bekket? ngobomi bakhe ayikho kakhulu icacisa le ngongoma. Sikuncede emoyeni yokuhanahanisa entsatsheni, i umKatolika College kwimiyalelo: "Ireland - ilizwe theocrats kunye censors, ndandingakwazi kuphila apho." Nangona kunjalo, e-Paris, ezele abavukeli, nabangenakululama kubugcisa, Beckett akazange kusinda imvakalelo lilolo esingaphephekiyo. Wahlangana Paul Valéry, Ezra Pound kunye noRichard Aldington, kodwa akukho nanye yezi iitalente akazange abe negunya yokomoya kuye. Kuphela waba unobhala zoncwadi uYakobi Joyce, Beckett efumaneka shefe "efanelekileyo yokuziphatha," yaye kamva waxelela uJoyce ukuba zamnceda baqonde ukuba yintoni injongo yalo mculi. Noko ke, Babelana iindlela - hayi nje kuphela ngenxa iimeko zobomi (ezingabuyekezekiyo uthando intombi Joyce ku Beckett ukwenza kungenakwenzeka utyelelo endlwini Joyce kaThixo, waza waya Ireland), kodwa kwakhona zobuciko.

Oku kwalandelwa ingxabano ephuthileyo nonina, bezama kungacentwa angabikho ehlabathini ngaphandle (iintsuku akazange ashiye indlu, bazifihla izalamane nabahlobo khadi kwi lisi zoba i-ofisi amalengalenga), ukhenketho ngamampunge aseYurophu, unyango kwikliniki nokudakumba ...

bt boncwadi, imveliso yokuqala

Beckett wenza umbongo bt "Bludoskop" (1930), wandula ukubonakala isincoko Proust (1931) no-Joyce (1936), yingqokelela yamabali amafutshane kunye yincwadi yemibongo. Kodwa sasingenalo impumelelo, le misebenzi, ezidaliweyo Semyuel Bekket. "Murphy" (review kule noveli nalo elimsulwa) - udibaniso umfana weza eLondon evela Ireland. Le noveli sakhatywa ngabavakalisi 42. Kuphela 1938, xa lithemba, ukubandezeleka izigulo ezingapheliyo emzimbeni, kodwa abazi ngakumbi Ireland zabo luyalambatha oxhomekeke kuwe ngemali nonina, Bekket Semyuel ekhohlo ngonaphakade wahlala kwakhona e Paris, omnye abashicileli "Murphy". Noko ke, le ncwadi wadibana nokubamba. weza Impumelelo kamva, akazange nangoko waduma Bekket Semyuel, ogama iincwadi aziwa kwaye kuthandwa ngabantu abaninzi. Ngaphambi kokuba uSamuweli kwafuneka anyamezele ngexesha lemfazwe.

sempi

Imfazwe wabamba Beckett e Paris, wayiqwenga ngaphandle amakheswa self-impiriyali. Ubomi wathabatha enye imilo. Wokubopha nokubulalana ziye zaba eziqhelekileyo. Eyona nto yoyikekayo Beckett imibiko ukuba abaninzi owayesakuba abahlobo baqalisa ukusebenza kwi abahlali. Ngokuba kuye, ukhetho asivelanga. Bekket Semyuel waba lilungu elikhutheleyo bokuxhathisa kwaye wasebenza iminyaka emibini kumaqela efihlakeleyo "Inkwenkwezi" yaye "Uzuko", apho ke wayebizwa ngokuba elithi nommi. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukuqokelela ulwazi, ukuguqulela ibe IsiNgesi, isiNxulumanisi. kwafuneka ukuba aye kumazibuko, apho imikhosi isiJamani bagxila elwandle. Xa amaGestapo akufumanisa iqela kunye khomiwile baqalisa, Beckett bazifihla kwilali kumazantsi eFransi. Koko, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa wasebenza nje umguquleli i-Red Cross kwisibhedlele yasemkhosini. Emva kwemfazwe yena wawongwa imbasa "Kuba e Battle". Umyalelo General de Gaulle wathi: "Beckett, Sam indoda nesibindi okukhulu ... wenza umsebenzi, ngoxa engozini."

iminyaka karate, ke, anditshintshanga sengqondo mfiliba Beckett, nto leyo eza kuqinisekisa nekwakuyinto eyayisenzeka ebomini bakhe kunye ngendaleko bobuchule. Wathi: ehlabathini akukho nto emi ngaphandle nobuciko.

Impumelelo elide elindelwe

Impumelelo Beckett ukuza encotsheni 1950. Nakumaqonga kakhulu eYurophu baye baqalisa ukubeka umdlalo wakhe "Ilinde Godot". Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-1951 ukuya 1953, wapapasha elinye trilogy iprozi. Inxalenye yokuqala - i inoveli "I Mall", okwesibini - "malone uyafa" kwaye eyesithathu - "ongenalo". Le trilogy wenze ngumbhali ngegcisa elinye abadumileyo kunye nempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-20 ilizwi. Ezi iinoveli, apho isetyenziselwe ukuyila iindlela ezintsha iprozi, wobuthwala zifana ingako iifom njengesiqhelo zoncwadi. Bona abhalwe isiFrentshi, kunye nentwana kamva Beckett wawaguqula zibe IsiNgesi.

USamuweli, kulandela ukuphumelela umdlalo wakhe 'Ilinde Godot ", wagqiba ukuba abe ekuchubekeni. Umdlalo "Malunga bonke abawayo," wadalwa 1956 Ngo-1950 emva kwexesha - 1960 ekuqaleni. kwakukho le misebenzi ilandelayo: ". Happy Days" "Endgame", "Tape yokugqibela Krapp kaThixo" yaye Bayibeka isiseko yeqonga ye ezitenxileyo.

Ngowe-1969, Beckett wawongwa Prize Nobel. Ndimele ndithi ukuba uSamuweli kakuhle zivunwe ingqalelo ukwanda ukuba uhlale ehamba udumo. Wavuma ukwamkela Prize Nobel kuphela phantsi komqathango wokuba Akayi nakukufumana oko, yaye umvakalisi French ka Beckett kunye nomhlobo wakhe elide uJérôme Lindon. kwazaliseka Le meko.

Iimpawu wena Beckett

Bekket Semyuel - umbhali kweenoveli ezininzi kunye nemidlalo. Bonke bephela amele namandla oluntu ngamandla iimeko kunye nemikhwa, phambi kokuba ukudle obungenanjongo ubomi. Ngokufutshane, i engenangqondo! Kulungile, makube ngqiqweni. Kungenzeka, yaye mbono lwekamva womntu akufuneki.

kwaqhambuka Impikiswano emhlabeni bububhanxa boncwadi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba zobugcisa kunye nobugcisa jikelele nokuba kuvumelekile? Kodwa masikhumbule amazwi omnye nommi, uWilliam Yeats, owathi ukuba uluntu kumele ukuqondwa zonke iimeko kunokwenzeka, ukuba akukho kohlekayo kukrakra kakhulu, isigqebelo etsolo kakhulu, inkanuko embi kakhulu ... Kulula ukucinga oko kwakuza kwenzeka kuluntu apho indlela kunye neendlela zobugcisa izithintelo engqongqo ebekiweyo. Noko ke, okwetyeli kakhulu ukuya ekuyileni - imbali, ingakumbi yeyethu, uyazi imizekelo ezinjalo. Phelisa la mava buhlungu Procrustes: yomkhosi, apho intelligence imisebenzi kuphela ngqo azalelwe ofisi mimiselo, ulahlekelwa amehlo neendlebe zakhe, kunye nengozi ngamnye omtsha uyazibambisa wakhe ngequbuliso. Ngoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwamkela semthethweni neendlela uncwadi ezitenxileyo. Njengoko ekufundeni olusesikweni, nkqu abachasi iimbono ka Beckett engaphenduli kundikhanyela ubuchule bakhe - Kakade, ngaphakathi sikhokelo indlela samkelwe ngabo. Kodwa Genrih Bell, umzekelo, kwincoko wathi: "Beckett, ndiyakholwa, nawuphi na umdla ngakumbi inyathelo-Thriller".

Ngowe-1989, xa ndandineminyaka eli-83, wafela Bekket Semyuel. Isihobe kunye iprozi yakhe, ndiyacinga, iminyaka emininzi iza kuba ezifanelekileyo.