UMZEKELO nonpolar covalent bond. Covalent bond ezibandayo kanye nonpolar

A indima ebalulekileyo kwinqanaba eekhemikhali yentlangano yehlabathi idlala indlela yonxibelelwano yem amasuntswana, phakathi iikhompawundi. Inani elikhulu kwezinto ezilula, ezizezi nonmetals na uhlobo covalent ikhonkco nonpolar, ngaphandle yeegesi egalelwe. Metals ngendlela esulungekileyo abe indlela yonxibelelwano ethile iqaphelwa ngokwasentlaweni of elektroni yamahala yikristale ngekroba.

Zonke izinto ezintsonkothileyo (ngaphandle ezinye organic) ezi polar bonds covalent chemical. Iintlobo kunye nemizekelo ezi zihlanganisi ziyaxoxwa ngezantsi. Okwangoku, uyazi iimpawu i-atom echaphazela nokwehlukana unxibelelwano.

electronegativity

Athom, ingakumbi ezingundoqo yayo (oko, njengokuba thina siyazi, ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ityala), kufuneka ukukwazi ukutsala nokugcina lexinene electron, ingakumbi, ukwakheka iibhondi imichiza. Lo mhlaba ngokuba electronegativity. I-Table Periodic Ixabiso layo likhula sesaziso kanye izinto eziyintloko nomnye. ixabiso Electronegativity akusoloko rhoqo kwaye zisenokwahluka, umzekelo, ukutshintsha uhlobo hybridization, leyo ufake orbitals atomic.

iibhondi imichiza, iintlobo kunye nemizekelo apho zidweliswe ngezantsi, ngakumbi, kwasendaweni okanye nokususwa kwenxalenye ezi abafowunelwa ukuya kwenye nxaxheba ziyabophelela sicacisiwe yi uphawu electronegative ngayo into ethile. Ukubana lwenzeka kwi-atom, leyo yomelele.

Nonpolar covalent bond

"Formula" Amakhonkco covalent nonpolar ezilula - athom ezimbini uhlobo olunye kuhlanganiswa kunye iperi elektroni amaqokobhe zabo Valence. Loo pair ubizwa ngokuba ohlukene kuba kokwabo omabini amaqela ezibophelelayo ngokulinganayo. Kungenxa ngokwasentlaweni electron ezinoxinano ekwimo ngeembadada elektroni, athom ukusuka kwimo oluzinzileyo, ekubeni ngokupheleleyo inqanaba labo electron engaphandle, yaye "octet" (or "doublet" xa kukho into elula hydrogen H _2, yena s-Orbital kuphela, ngokuba ukugqitywa apho kufuneka electron ezimbini) - isimo kwinqanaba lwangaphandle, apho zonke athom, njengoko siyafana ngokugcwalisa urhulumente kunye namandla minimum.

Umzekelo a non-polar covalent iqhina na inorganics kunye, engaqhelekanga njengoko kuvakala unakho, kodwa organic chemistry, kakhulu. Olu hlobo lonxibelelwano kuqhelekile ukuba zonke izinto ezilula - ngaphandle yeegesi amanene non-ngesinyithi, njengoko inqanaba Valence ye atom igesi egalelwe kwaye sele zigqityiwe octet of elektroni, kwaye siyabophelela ngoko efanayo ngokwayo akukho ntsingiselo ngaye, yaye ngaphantsi ngenkuthalo evumayo. In the non-wokwephuka umcimbi eziphilayo ezifumaneka isakhiwo esithile kwemolekyuli kwaye lunemiqathango.

Covalent bond polar

UMZEKELO covalent nonpolar bond mda molekyuli ezimbalwa into elula, xa iikhompawundi ze dipoles apho lexinene electron engagqibekanga kwatshintsha ukuze into electronegative ngakumbi, - i-elikhulu kakhulu. Naluphi na yee-athom kunye nexabiso electronegativity ezahlukeneyo unika bond polar. Ngokukodwa, ngenxa yokuba lo mbandela eziphilayo - a polar covalent yebhondi. Ngamanye amaxesha oxides ionic ezingaphiliyo nawo polar, kunye neetyuwa ze-asidi kwaye nisondelelane ionic olubalaseleyo uhlobo.

Njengoko ityala esibi esibophelelayo polar amaxesha ngayo kunye nohlobo iikhompawundi ionic. Ukuba electronegativity omnye weyona milenze iphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo omnye, kukho isibini electron ishenxiselwe ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kwiziko lonxibelelwano kuso. Ngoko ke kukho qheke ibe ion. Nabani othatha i isibini electron, iguqulelwa anion kwaye ufumana intlawulo elibi, kwaye ukulahlekelwa ovela ku - uguqulwe ube zesiqinisekiso abe HIV.

Imizekelo kwezinto zondle kunye uhlobo covalent iqhina non-polar

Izinto kunye apolar covalent bond - kukuthi, umzekelo, zonke zegesi lokubini: hydrogen (H - H), oxygen (= O), nitrogen (in molecule yayo 2 athom ezinxulumene bond triple (N ≡ N)); ulwelo izinto eziqinileyo: yeKhlorini (Cl - Cl), fluoro (F - F), bromo (Br - Br), ayodini (I - I). Kwakhona izinto ezintsonkothileyo eziquka athom ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ixabiso efanayo kanye electronegativity, umzekelo, phosphorus hydride - PH _3.

Organic and non-polar iyabophelela

Kucace ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo. Umbuzo kukuba, kukho njani ngokuzikhanyeza nonpolar kumcimbi entsonkothileyo? Impendulo ilula, ukuba iingcinga encinane nengqondo. Ukuba amaxabiso electronegativity izinto ezinxulumene zahluke kancinane kwaye musa ukwenza umzuzu dipole kwi ezimbaxa, loo uqhagamshelwano unako kuthathwa non-ezibandayo. Le meko kunye carbon yehayidrojini: yonke C - imixokelelwane H kumbandela eziphilayo zithathwa non-ezibandayo.

UMZEKELO nonpolar covalent bond - methane molecule, elula organic ezimbaxa. Le ibandakanya omnye atom carbon leyo, ngokutsho Valence yayo, eziqhagamshelene iibhondi abangabodwa ukuba athom ezine hydrogen. Enyanisweni, lo molecule akukho dipole, ekubeni akukho lizwe umwisele into nangeendleko kobume tetrahedral. Electron Ukuxinana ithunyelelwa ngokulinganayo.

Umzekelo covalent iqhina non-polar na oganikhi khompawundi ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Oku ayinakufunyanwa ngeendleko lweziphumo mesomeric, oko kukuthi, iyavumelana utsalo electron uxinano, leyo ngokukhawuleza licinywe yi kwikhonkco carbon. Ngoko, kwi kwemolekyuli hexachloroethane bond C - C nonpolar ngenxa okuwisa uniform athom yeKhlorini electron mninzi ezintandathu.

Ezinye iindidi neentambo

Ukongeza ibhondi covalent, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, enokwenziwa kwi indlela donor-acceptor, kukho ionic, ebuntsimbi kunye hydrogen izitropu. iimpawu esifutshane ongamphambi kokugqibela koKuhlala ezimbini uchazwe apha ngasentla.

Hydrogen bond - kukho intsebenziswano electrostatic aphakathi, apho kunokuthi kwenzeke ukuba kukho i-atom kwi molecule kunye naluphi na hydrogen ukuba izibini electron unshared. Olu hlobo ubuhlobo ithambile kakhulu ngaphezu kwabanye, kodwa ngenxa yokuba osisiqu kwezi ntambo zibe abunjwe kakhulu kunene, kunegalelo elikhulu iimpawu ezimbaxa.