Umahluko phakathi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo: yintoni umahluko?

Ibiya kuthetha ukuba umahluko nabaphilayo ukusuka ezintweni zibonakala kwangoko. Nangona kunjalo, azikho izinto ngendlela elula. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba izakhono ezinjengamanzi, isondlo, ukuphefumla ukunxibelelana nabanye, luphawu nje kuphela eziphilayo. Bakholwa ukuba abantu ababephila ngexesha Stone Age, abaphilileyo kuthiwe, ngaphandle kokukhetha. amatye Oku ke ingca, kunye nemithi.

Ngokufutshane, yonke indalo esingqongileyo ingabizwa abaphilayo. Koko, oosonzululwazi mihla bodwa iimpawu libukhali. Kuyinto into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba ukuqondana olungagungqiyo zonke iimpawu zomzimba, exuding ubomi. Kuyimfuneko ukuchonga umahluko phakathi kwabaphilayo kunye engaphili kakuhle.

Umongo kunye neempawu angundoqo umzimba ophilileyo

intuition Banal kuvumela umntu ngamnye malunga ukuzoba ukufana phakathi ziyaphila kunye ezingaphiliyo.

Noko ke, maxa wambi abantu kuvela iingxaki ukwenzela ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo umahluko ophambili phakathi zokuphila engaphili. Ngokutsho komnye ababhali buchopho, umzimba ophilileyo libunjwa ngokupheleleyo lwezinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingaphiliyo - ukusuka ezingaphiliyo. Ukongeza tautologies ezinjalo kwinzululwazi, kukho theses kunye sibonisa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kakuhle umbuzo othi. Okubuhlungu kukuba, kodwa ke ezi yeengcinga manye ukunika ngokupheleleyo iimpendulo zonke iingxaki ezikhoyo.

Ngenye indlela, umahluko phakathi eziphilayo, imizimba yendalo ezingaphiliyo nangoku bafunda kwaye zihlalutywe. yande kakhulu, umzekelo, abe ingxabano Engels. Uluvo lithi ukuba ubomi ngokoqobo kuba nako ukuqhubeka ngaphandle inkqubo ukutya, amabhunga ziiprotein uphawu. Le nkqubo, ke ngoko, ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle inkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye izinto zasendle. Nantsi isifaniso kwesibane evuthayo kunye mouse ngqo okanye nempuku. Umahluko kubomi mouse ngenxa yenkqubo ukuphefumla, ngamanye amazwi ngenxa ngokutshintshiselana oksijini carbon dioxide, yaye ikhandlela kuphela kwenziwe inkqubo yokutsha, nangona ezi zinto kwaye zikumanqanaba efanayo ebomini. Kulo kufuneka abe ngumzekelo omhle ukuba ukukhuthazana nendalo kunokwenzeka kuphela kwimeko eziphilayo, kodwa kwimeko ezingaphiliyo. Ngokusekelwe kule ngcaciso ilapha ngasentla, nethe akukwazeki yimpembelelo enkulu kophawu bezinto eziphilayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba qondile umahluko phakathi eziphilayo kunye nezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo yeyona mission ethatha ixesha elide.

Ide iingqondo zabantu, olu lwazi lifikelele ixesha elide kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwesithandi-test evela France Diderot, oko kusengqiqweni ukuqonda ukuba iseli ezincane, kunye ingxaki enkulu kakhulu ukufumana ukuya ingundoqo yonke eziphilayo. Ngokutsho izazinzulu ezininzi, kuphela indibanisela iimpawu ezithile zebhayoloji ukunika ufifi yintoni na esiphilayo kwaye yintoni na ezahlukeneyo izinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo.

Uluhlu iimpawu eziphilayo

Phakathi iimpawu eziphilayo ziquka:

• Umxholo kwezinto ezibalulekileyo kunye biopolymers ethwele iimpawu njengelifa.
• Isakhiwo eyiselula izinto eziphilayo (zonke ngaphandle virus).
• Amandla kunye nezinto abelane kwisithuba engqongileyo.
• Ukukwazi ukuzala nande lwazo ngayo eziphilayo ekuhamba iimpawu njengelifa.

Eshwankathela zonke iinkcukacha ezichazwe ngasentla, ukuba bathi bayazi ukuba badle njani, ukuphefumla, ande kuphela kumaqumrhu eziphilayo. umahluko non-uhleliyo ukuba khona kuphela.

Ubomi - ikhowudi

Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba isiseko zonke iinkqubo zobomi ziiproteni (iiprothini) nucleic acid. Systems kunye ubukho amasebe ekunzima lokuhlela. Eyona imfutshane yaye, nangona kunjalo, inkcazelo ebanzi wenziwa sebhayoloji odumileyo kwifani waseMerika Tipler, owaba ngunozala le ncwadi othi "Physics ukungafi." Ngokutsho kwakhe, umntu ophilayo ezinokubona kuphela oko, apho ekwakhiweni unalo nucleic acid. Kwakhona, ngokutsho Scientist, ubomi ezinye uhlobo khowudi. Ukungqinelana nale mbono, kubalulekile ukucinga ukuba, nje ngokuguqula ikhowudi, kuyenzeka ukuba bafumane ubomi obungunaphakade and non-ukuphula impilo yabantu. Asikwazi ukuba lo mbono ufumene impendulo konke konke, kodwa abanye abalandeli bakhe. Le nkkolelo wadala ngenjongo Ukuqhela a esiphilayo ukuba Ukuqokelela ulwazi inkqubo.

Kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba umba umahluko phakathi zokuphila engaphili usahleli ingxoxo enkulu, isifundo siyavakala ukudibanisa uviwo oluneenkcukacha ngesakhiwo iziqalelo ziyaphila kunye ezingaphiliyo.

Iimpawu ibalulekileyo eziphilayo

oonjingalwazi ezininzi wenzululwazi ngokobugcisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo eziphilayo ayikhuphi:

• Compactness.
• Ukukwazi ukwenza umyalelo ngaphandle isiphithiphithi langoku.
• Izinto, amandla kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi kunye ezithile.

Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ebizwa-njalo "kweziporo ingxelo 'enziwa ngaphakathi ukudibana autocatalytic.

Ubomi mkhulu kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo ubukho eziphathekayo ngokwemigaqo ezahlukeneyo amacandelo chemical kunye Dynamics iinkqubo ukuba kwenzeka sokuzenza ophilayo. Le compactness ngesakhiwo ngayo izinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokuba ukuba emibonweni amalungiselelo ezo molekyuli.

Njengenxalenye eziphilayo izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, isakhiwo iseli ilula, kodwa hayi njalo kwi abaphilayo.
Le yokugqibela kufuneka elidlulileyo, nto leyo ugwetyelwayo iseli memory. Kananjalo umahluko omkhulu phakathi eziphilayo engaphili.

inkqubo ebalulekileyo umzimba ezinxulumene ngqo izinto ezifana ufuzo kunye nomahluko. Ngokubhekisele Kwimeko yokuqala, le miqondiso idluliselwe ukuba abantu abatsha ukusuka omdala, kunye encinane kuchatshazelwa kokusingqongileyo. Kwimeko yesibini, okwahlukileyo kuyinyaniso: iqhekeza ngamnye umzimba batshintshwa ngenxa yokusebenzisana imiba ye kwisithuba ezingqongileyo.

Ukuqala ubomi emhlabeni

Ukungaboni lokuphila izinto zendalo, engaphili izinto kunye neminye imiba exhalabisayo iingqondo izazinzulu ezininzi. Ngokutsho kwabo, ubomi emhlabeni yayisaziwa ukususela kwixesha xa ingcamango yintoni DNA yaye kutheni ukudalile oko.

Ngokumalunga ulwazi malunga Incedisa iikhompawundi ziiprotein kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo ngakumbi, ngedatha ethembekileyo kulo mba sele okwangoku zamkelwe. Kukho ingcamango chavelela kwemichiza, kodwa inikwa kuphela ngokubanzi. Le mbono ithi phakathi coacervates ukuba egazi ngokwendalo khompawundi organic inokuba "exineke" carbohydrate molecule entsonkothileyo, ekhokelela ukuyilwa inwebu yeseli eziziziqalelo ukuba wanikela coacervate ozinzileyo. Xa inamathele coacervate iiprotini molecule, kukho enye iseli efanayo ukuba uyakwazi ukukhula kunye nokwahlula ngakumbi.

Eyona esibaluleke yatya ixesha kwinkqubo yokubonisa le hypothesis kucingwa isakhono ukucamanga eziphilayo kohlulwe. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba imodeli yimbonakalo yobomi kuquka ezinye ulwazi, exhaswa amava lwenzululwazi olutsha. Nangona kunjalo, kokukhona ngamandla esitsha bubalaselayo omdala, kunzima kakhulu kuba ngokwenene ukuchaza kwabonakala kakuhle njani "entsha". Ngako oko, apha kuya kusoloko kuqhubeka data ilingane, hayi nkcukacha.

iinkqubo indalo

Noba indlela, inyathelo elilandelayo ebalulekileyo ekudalweni esiphilayo kukuba lokuphinda i inwebu ukhusela iiseli ukusuka imiba engentle yokusingqongileyo. Loo inwebu linqanam lokuqala inkangeleko kwiiseli, ukuba ukhonza into eyahlukileyo. inkqubo nganye luphawu lo esiphilayo, ayajika ngaphakathi kwiseli. Inani elikhulu izenzo ukuba zinike isiseko umsebenzi yeseli, okt ukubonelela izondlo eziyimfuneko, iienzymes kunye nezinye izinto ithatha indawo ngaphakathi inwebu. Kuye indima ebaluleke kakhulu kulo meko, iienzymes, ngalinye elinoxanduva umsebenzi okhethekileyo. Le yokusebenza Umgaqo kwemolekyuli enzyme - oko kubo ngoko nangoko nizondelele ukuba bajoyine ezinye izinto esebenzayo. Ngenxa yale ukusabela kwi iseli phantse kwi nakusekuqhwanyazeni kweliso.

isakhiwo cell

Kakade biology zezikolo zaseprayimari kucacile ukuba lo Yindibanisela iiprothini kunye namanye amacandelo iseli ebalulekileyo zinoxanduva lokujongana tsitopolazma. Phantse nawuphi na iseli womntu ekwaziyo sintiez iiprotheni ezahlukeneyo ezingaphezu kwama-1000. Ubukhulu ezi seli isenokuba 1 ezinga- imitha 1, umzekelo amacandelo ezinjalo luvo emzimbeni womntu. Oku uyakwazi, ukuba ukuntshula iintlobo ezininzi iiseli, kodwa ke kukho iimeko, esele zikhankanywe iiseli zemithambo-luvo kunye imicu kwezihlunu.

Ukususela mzuzu ndiya kuqala wamitha ubomi, uhlobo uMhlaba eguqukayo kwaye ziphuculwe. Evolution iye yaqhubeka iminyaka eliqela amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka, kodwa zonke iimfihlelo kunye namanqaku anika umdla akukho ziyachazwa kude kube ngoku. Iifom ukuphila emhlabeni yahlulwe yenyukliya kwaye pre-nuclear, i-ezineseli kunye multicellular.

Kweseli eziphilayo luphawulwa yokuba zonke iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ukuthatha indawo iseli enye. Multicellular, kungenjalo, kuba kukho ezininzi iiseli ezifanayo ekwaziyo yoqhekeko ubukho elizenzekelayo, kodwa kunjalo, ezicwangciswe iyunithi enye. eziphilayo Multicellular abahlala isithuba ebalulekileyo ehlabathini. Eli qela ubandakanya zombini abantu kunye nezilwanyana, kunye nezityalo, kwakunye nokunye okuninzi. Nganye kwezi ndidi yahlulwe iintlobo, zenyathi, kwisizukulwana, iintsapho kunye njalo njalo. ulwazi ngexesha lokuqala amanqanaba yombutho ubomi on Earth lithatyathwe kumava wendalo. Inqanaba elilandelayo inxulumene ngqo yokusebenzisana zasendle. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba isifundo eneenkcukacha zonke iinkqubo kunye ezisezantsi zehlabathi.

Umbutho yezinto eziphilayo

• Ezinto.
• Cell.
• Kwithishyu.
• Ilungu.
• Ontogenetic.
• Population.
• Species.
• Biogeotsentricheskaya.
• Biosphere.

Xa inkqubo ukufunda ayinzuzo elula lwalusanda ifikelele ulwazi njengenqobo liphezulu. theory Chromosomal ilifa, uhlalutyo ukuguquka, isifundo eneenkcukacha iiseli, iintsholongwane kunye phages wasebenza njengesiseko lokuvula zeenkqubo genetic esisiseko.

Amanqanaba engumzekelo ulwazi malunga molekyuli kwesakhiwo zifunyenwe ngokuvula impembelelo theory iseli ye ubume eziphilayo. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, abantu babengazi ukuba umzimba ubunjwe izinto ezininzi, yaye ayekholelwa ukuba zonke iseli ivaliwe. Emva koko ke xa kuthelekiswa ne-atom. Le umphengululi odumileyo ngexesha Louis Pasteur waseFransi wacebisa ukuba owona mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi eziphilayo ukusuka ezintweni - ukungalingani molekyuli njengenxalenye yobume ophilayo. Zizazinzulu chirality neemolekyuli kwipropati (eli gama Liguqulwe lithatyathwa isiGrike lithetha "isandla"). Eli gama wanikwa ngenxa yokuba lo propati ngumfuziselo isandla sokunene ukusuka ngasekhohlo zabo.

Ngelo lixa isifundo eneenkcukacha kwiproteni, izazinzulu ziye zaqhubeka ukutyhila zonke iimfihlelo DNA kunye umgaqo kwimfuza. Ezingxamisekileyo lo mba liye laba mzuzu xa ilixesha lokuba achaze umahluko phakathi eziphilayo zemvelo ezingaphiliyo. Ukuba ukumiselwa kwemida wabahleliyo zingasaphili ekhokelwa yi ngendlela zeenzulu-lwazi, kunokwenzeka ukuba sijongene neengxaki ezithile.

Virus - ngubani na ke?

Kukho uluvo malunga ubukho amanyathelo Kumda ebizwa ngokuba phakathi kwabaphilayo engaphili. Ngokomthetho zebhayoloji zathi yaye bathi ngenxa imvelaphi iintsholongwane. iintsholongwane Ngokungafaniyo iiseli eqhelekileyo kukuba uyakwazi ukuzala kuphela umonakalo, kodwa hayi ngenjongo ukwazi nokwandisa ubomi ngamnye. Kwakhona, iintsholongwane abakwazi ukwabelana izinto, ukukhula, ukuba uyiphendule etyabulayo, njalo-njalo.

iiseli wentsholongwane egazini ngaphandle ephilayo, zinendlela ilifa, Noko ke, iquka akukho enzyme, ezo isiseko uhlobo ophezulu-grade khona. Ngenxa lunokubakho iiseli kuphela kubulelwe amandla kunye neeminerali, sithatha kude exhasanayo, nto leyo iseli esempilweni.

iimpawu eziphambili umahluko ezingaphiliyo

Nawuphi na umntu, njengabangenanto ulwazi olukhethekileyo, ungabona ukuba ephilayo into eyahlukileyo kangaka ukusuka engaphili. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi xa zijongwe iiseli ngemicroscope okanye naliphi iglasi lens. Indlela emayenziwe ngayo intsholongwane kukho kuphela kwiseli enye, eyaziyo, enye iseti organelles. Njengenxalenye yale iiseli zesiqhelo, kwelinye icala, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinomdla. Umahluko phakathi eziphilayo zemvelo ezingaphiliyo usendleleni yokuba kwisisele aphilayo kulandelwa wabayala ngokungqongqo iikhompawundi eziphilayo. Xa uluhlu uninzi ezi zihlanganisi ziquka iiproteni, ii-asidi acid. Nokuba gciwane imvulophu of a nucleic acid, nangona into yokuba akukho ezinye "chain links."

Ngokungafaniyo zasendle evela ezicacileyo ezingaphiliyo. umzimba ophilayo Cell inemisebenzi isondlo kunye ukutya, kunye nesakhono ukuze aphefumle (kwimeko yezityalo - nayo oksijini isithuba abaya kuzuza).

Enye ukukwazi ukwahlula into ephilayo eziphilayo self-yokuzala kunye nokudluliselwa zonke iimpawu zofuzo bucala kwenye (umzekelo, kwimeko apho umntwana uzelwe ezifana omnye wabazali). Sinokuthi oku umahluko ophambili phakathi ukuziphilisa. Engaphili eziphilayo sinezinto eli khono ayikho.

Le nyaniso ikhonkco inextricable ukuba esiphilayo unako nje kuphela, kodwa ukuphucula umyalelo. Kakhulu ngobuchule balo naluphi na iseli eziphilayo ebizwa ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nayo nayiphi na imiqathango kwanabo enaningenzelwanga ngaphambili khona. Umzekelo omhle uyakwazi ukutshintsha yimbonakalo nomvundla, elikhuselayo ezidla, kunye nebhere - ubusika ukusinda ixesha abandayo. Le propati efanayo libhekisela umkhwa izilwanyana zezitya konke. Nguwo lo ke umahluko phakathi imizimba zasendle. Engaphili ephilayo akanako.

Non-eziphilayo, kakhulu, kuxhomekeke ukutshintsha, kuphela ezahlukeneyo kancinane, umzekelo, ezinde ekwindla yamahlamvu itshintsha umbala. On top of zonke izinto eziphilayo bayakwazi ukunxibelelana nabantu ihlabathi ngaphandle, nto leyo akanakuba abameli yendalo ezingaphiliyo. Izilwanyana khwelo uhlaselo, yenza zinani, vzdyblivat noboya kwimeko engozini, ukuvelisa inaliti, ephethe umsila. Ke ukuba amaqela eziphezulu eziphilayo, kukho ezabo, akusoloko bawuthobele izixhobo zonxibelelwano inzululwazi yanamhlanje ngaphakathi eluntwini.

iziphumo

Phambi nokuchaza umahluko phakathi eziphilayo, izinto ezingaphiliyo okanye ukuthetha malunga nento yokuba ukuba ngamalungu omzimba ethile ndidi indalo ephilayo okanye engaphiliyo, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola yonke imiqondiso yaye, yaye omnye kakuhle. Ngaphandle ubuncinane enye imiqondiso ayingqinelani iklasi izinto eziphilayo, mayingabi sakhululwa ngokuba ophilileyo. Enye yezona iinkalo ziphambili iiseli eziphilayo ubukho nucleic acid kunye nenani iikhompawundi protein. Le umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. imizimba ezihlokomayo nge enjalo phezu ikho emhlabeni.

Eziphilayo, njengoko kuthelekiswa nezingaphiliyo, ziyakwazi ukuba bavelise kwaye ushiye inzala, kwakunye bakuqhele naziphi na iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Izinto eziphilayo kuphela ezinokukwazi ukunxibelelana, ngelixa "ulwimi" lwabo loqhagamshelwano aluhambisani nokufundwa kwabaphilayo beliloji nawuphi na umgangatho wobugcisa.

Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto, umntu ngamnye uya kukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwabaphilayo kunye nabangekhoyo. Kwakhona, inkalo ehlukileyo yendalo kunye neyophilileyo kukuba abameleli behlabathi eliphilayo bayakwazi ukucinga, kwaye iisampuli zezinto ezingenakuphila azikwazi.