Lemvelo: into nokusingqongileyo iinjongo, iindlela

Geosphere imithetho, khangela kunye nokuchazwa lobudlelane phakathi komntu ngemvelo, kwakunye nolwakhiwo imodeli ngokupheleleyo lwale ntsebenziswano - oku oko inzululwazi eziphilayo. ZeziFundo kunye nokusingqongileyo iinjongo, iinjongo kunye neendlela zokuphanda - ntoni na ke? Oku kuza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

Yintoni eziphilayo?

It is a inzululwazi, ukusuka apho, enyanisweni, kuxhomekeke kwixesha elizayo phakathi kwabantu. Ngenkulungwane xxi, nengxaki kubudlelwane phakathi kwendoda kunye nokusingqongileyo iye eqinisiweyo kumda, ngokunjalo neenjongo eziphambili kunye neenjongo zokusingqongileyo ilala ekufumaneni iindlela zokusombulula ingxabano.

Igama livela ezimbini iinkalo walnuts mazwi: "oikos" - "ndlu, ikhaya" yaye "iilogo" - "imfundiso". Ngowe-1866, lo kuqala wakhankanya inzululwazi "eziphilayo", isifundo kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene iimpawu impefumlelwano noluntu eziphilayo omnye nomnye kunye nokusingqongileyo ophilileyo. Eli binzana waqamba sisazinzulu waseJamani Ernst Haeckel kumaphepha kwincwadi ethi "The morphology jikelele eziphilayo."

Ngokubanzi ethetha, into ukufunda ngemvelo ilele kobudlelane phakathi eziphilayo kunye ihlabathi elibangqongileyo, kwakunye kuphononongo ngesakhiwo umbutho eziphila kunye nabantu, iindlela ngokwahlukana ukugcina uzinzo lwabo entsimini isithuba-ixesha.

Undoqo lwekhulu Ecology xxi-st

Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kuye kwasekwa i inzululwazi kunye nendalo. Le yinto nenjongo yakhe ngelo xesha kuphela ekufundweni ukuzalana eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendawo yazo. Eneneni, loo nto wahlala de kwinkulungwane ye-omabini, lo gama kugcinwe iimpawu nkalo kuphela zebhayoloji.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, okusingqongileyo iya isiba yenye yezona eyenziweyo (ahlukeneyo) isayensi lokuqala. Namhlanje, loo nto iye yaqinisekisa ukuba igama layo lesiGrike. Inyaniso kukuba, kubume bayo, hayi kakhulu ngokuchanekileyo ibonakalisa iinjongo eziphambili esingqongileyo.

Modern Ecology xxi Century - inzululwazi yeqhinga ukulungiselela ulondolozo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo eziphilayo emhlabeni xa iyonke. Oku Ngumnqophiso iphambili kolu qeqesho, edibanisa iimpawu ithiyori kwaye aluncedo.

Lemvelo: isifundo ingxaki bume

Kodwa izixhobo ephambili methodological nayiphi na inzululwazi obuxhasa umcimbi wayo umxholo kunye nemisebenzi enzima. "Ulwazi uhlobo lwezoqoqosho," - oku kwabonakala Ernst Haeckel eziphilayo. iinjongo zezifundo kunye nokusingqongileyo - ntoni na ke? Makhe zama ukulungisa lo mba.

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kufuneka sithembele kakuhle badume kwindlela yezenzululwazi umgaqo. Inika ukuqonda yeenkqubo zendalo njengenkqubo enye, emanyanisiweyo. Ngokusekelwe kumgaqo inkqubo, into ukufundisisa imvelo ecosystem (okanye mandithi, i-ecosystem sezikhundla ezahlukeneyo).

Eziphilayo kuphuhliso yayo ijolise ukuphendula le mibuzo mibini ibalulekileyo:

1. Yintoni na isakhiwo eziphilayo.
2. Zisebenza njani kwaye nokuphuhlisa i-ecosystem.

Ngako oko, okusingqongileyo yonke yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezinkulu ezimbini: noshowo kunye neguquguqukayo. Kwaye zombini ezo zinto xa intsebenziswano enkulu.

Ngokusekelwe kumgaqo iinkqubo zenzululwazi, kunokwenzeka ukuba kwahlula-nomxholo kwale nzululwazi: isifundo ngesakhiwo, iimpawu kunye neepatheni eziphila ezisebenzayo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo.

Ziyintoni iinjongo ezibekwe ngokwayo inzululwazi eziphilayo? Le ilandelayo zingahlukaniswa kubo:

1. isifundo Jikelele kunye olunzulu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kunye nophuhliso phantsi kwempembelelo imiba eyahlukeneyo.
2. Ukuqikelela Dynamics eziphila entsimini isithuba-ixesha.
3. Uphuhliso ngeendlela ukulungisa ubudlelwane phakathi komntu kunye nohlobo ukwenzela ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi kwi ihlabathi liphela.

Ecology Indawo kwinkqubo jikelele ulwazi lwenzululwazi

Ecology Modern ngokudibanisa izinto zemvelo, abantu, ngqo kunye nenzululwazi zobugcisa. Biology, ukuma, amayeza, ezoqoqosho, ngezengqondo, yokuhlalisana kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo - ezi kunye nezinye iinkalo kusenziwa intsebenziswano enkulu.

Ukongeza, Ekuhlanganeni kweendlela, ngemvelo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi kusondela kuyo ebumba ingqeqesho entsha ngokupheleleyo yaye inika umdla. Phakathi kwabo - bioecology geo-eziphilayo, eziphilayo ubunjineli, noospherology kunye like.

Ubume nenzululwazi eziphilayo mihla

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ezingaphezu kwe-100 kwiindawo kwinzululwazi lokusingqongileyo, nganye kuzo ibandakanyeka miba emxinwa. Kukho iindidi zokuhlelwa ezininzi zendalo, nganye bakhelwe ngemigaqo yayo. Le eneenkcukacha kakhulu kwaye enengqondo isakhiwo esicetywayo yi Isazinzulu M. Reimers.

Yena ufuna ukwabelana inzululwazi lokusingqongileyo phakathi zaziibloko ezimbini ezinkulu:

1. eziphilayo theoretical component.
2. Applied Ecology.

Eyokuqala ibandakanya BIOECOLOGY onke amacandelwana alo ezininzi, ngokunjalo zolonwabo. Le yunithi yinxalenye Applied Ecology geoecology, sotsioekologiya, Biospherology kunye nobunjineli esingqongileyo kunye emasebeni awo.

Indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwibhloko isicelo iquka eziphilayo zobunjineli - ukufundisisa izinto kunye nemiqathango ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Kwakhona udla ngokubizwa tehnoekologiey. Oku kuquka iinkalo ezininzi: amandla eziphilayo, eziphilayo ezothutho kunye noqhagamshelwano, bume ezolimo, indawo yokuba, uvavanyo lwefuthe kokusingqongileyo kunye nabanye.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nganye kwezi nkalo yenzelwe ukusombulula uluhlu iingxaki kunye nemingeni. Kulo mzekelo, bonke basebenzisa uphuhliso kunye neempumelelo kwezinye iinkalo kokusingqongileyo.

Iinjongo neendlela eziphilayo

Ngeenjongo zokusombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo kwinzululwazi zemvelo isebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Baya angamelwa amaqela amathathu eziphambili:

1. Iindlela sokuqokelela ulwazi kwindawo engatshintshiyo kunye nokusebenza eziphila.
2. Iindlela nokuhlawulwa yonke ingcaciso ayifumene.
3. Iindlela ukutolika izinto kunye neziphumo.

Eyona ndlela kakhulu ethandwa ezisetyenziswa eziphilayo namhlanje: waphawula zokubhala kunye experiment, izibalo, imaphu kunye nendlela umzekelo. Namhlanje wokwakha ingakumbi kakhulu eyahlekileyo ye imifuziselo zezibalo. Kuba kule modeli ecosystem abstract esekelwe acatshulwe "kwi" izibakala enokwehla kunye nezinto (kunye nabalinganiswa ezizodwa). Emva koko, ukutshintsha iinqobo ezithile parameters, unako lula ukubona ukuba baziphathe njani (wongeze) inkqubo.

Ekuphetheni ...

Phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo kwavela inzululwazi ukusuka kuphuhliso yimpumelelo leyo namhlanje kuchaphazela ikamva lonke uluntu. Igama kwale nzululwazi - eziphilayo. iinjongo zezifundo kunye nokusingqongileyo mabafunde iimpawu kunye nemithetho ekusebenzeni eziphilayo, leyo ziphuhlisiwe ngenxa eziliqili zophuhliso oluzinzileyo ubomi emhlabeni. indoda Modern akuyomfuneko ukuba ukungqina imfuneko ubukho kwale nzululwazi.