Ukuthembeka - ke ... ukuthembeka zobugcisa. factor zokhuseleko

indoda Modern akaqondi ukuba ikhona, ngaphandle iindlela ezahlukeneyo lula ubomi kwenza ikhuseleke kakhulu. Nayiphi na izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ayaziswa ngokuyintloko ukhuseleko lwabo. Olu phawu becala livela kwezinye iipropati - ukuthembeka.

Kwaye yintoni ke? Njengokuba kakuhle, lo gama limele? Yaye yintoni ngokwenene uthetha ukuthini? Makhe ukujamelana!

definition

Ngenxa yoko, ukuthembeka - kukwazi ukugcina iipropati into oyifunayo kunye neempawu zobugcisa ngenxa kunelixesha lokuphumla elithile. Ukongeza, lo msebenzi osemqoka igxininisa ukukwazi ukugcina zonke umgangatho iseti ngexesha zokuhamba kunye / okanye kakhulu, iimeko ezimbi.

Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuthembeka - yingcamango enobuzaza ayinakuchazwa ngokufutshane. Ngokukodwa, xa ubuchule le nkcazo ingentla yandile concepts eziliqela, ezinento omnye komnye. Makhe sijonge ngamnye kubo.

Kwi kuthembeke technical

Xa zobuchwepheshe, ukuthembeka abonakala kuphela into uyazanelisa iimfuno ezine kwangoko, okanye mandithi, linamaxolo kufuneka zibangelwe iimpawu yayo kunye neepropati. Ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda le nkcazelo, esilishumayelayo uluhlu kubo:

• Njengokuba besesitshilo, ukuthembeka - ukukwazi ukwenza kwisithuba ngexesha ezakheke ezendeleyo umsebenzi kwefowuni. Umzekelo, i-injini yombane kufanele sisebenzise imali echazwe kakuhle amandla kunye nokubonelela isantya iseti ujikelezo. Ukuba siqhubeka lo mxholo, ngoko ke inkqubo umbane Kubalulekile ukuba umntu akwazi ukunika ombane echanekileyo, ixabiso singabanga kuphela ziyahluka ngaphakathi kwemida kukhawulelwe kakhulu.
• Performance imisebenzi emisebenzi kufuneka kwenzeka kuphela imida kwezobuchwepheshe ezazenziwe ngaphandle yi umenzi isixhobo. Umzekelo, umsebenzi injini kufunwa phantsi kweemeko zokusingqongileyo loo nto ikhokelele intshabalalo yayo.
• Kwelinye icala, ukuba kuyimfuneko ngokusebenza zozinzo kwizakhiwo iimeko ezinothuli, esi sixhobo kufuneka anikezele kwi kangangoko ixesha lekhefu kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Qaphela ukuba lo zonke ezi mpawu zingentla ukuthembeka efunekayo ukuze lusebenze.
• Into, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kufuneka ukuba bakwazi ukulondoloza zonke iimpawu zayo zobugcisa, hayi nje kuphela kweli kwindawo yokusebenza, kodwa ukuphumla. Ngenxa yoko, i-injini yesithuthi kufuneka (ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile) ukuba ukulungele ukubaleka, nokuba imoto ephambi lwema wamanqindi iinyanga eziliqela okanye iminyaka.

iziphetho interim

Ngenxa yoko, ukuthembeka - olu luphawu ebaluleke kakhulu nayiphi na into. Kwayo akukho kwimeko ayikwazi ukuba inkcaso okanye oxutywe nezinye izinto qualitative. Umzekelo, isityalo ukunyanga ezikhutshwayo zoshishino kunokuba nomtsalane kakhulu ixabiso, xa amandla ayo particulates mgibe ukusuka zezulu ukuba ubuninzi enkulu kakhulu. Loo nto nje akukho lwazi malunga iimpawu idata kunokugcinwa elide kangakanani, ukuthenga yayo kuyingozi kakhulu, yaye ngokufuthi engenamsebenzi.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iinkcukacha ze-sixhobo nibe yintlama ulwazi malunga ukuthembeka, kodwa hayi igama elinye malunga kanye iimpawu kuyo anazo. Ngenxa yoko, inkcazelo kukuthembeka kufuneka iquke zonke ezi zinto.

ethile wokongeza i-ons

Kuxhomekeka injongo ukuthembeka into - ntonye ukuthembeka, maintainability, ixesha elide. Kufuneka iqondwe ngokucacileyo ukuba olu phawu ibonwa ngokuthatha kuphela ingqalelo iimpawu kwento ngokwayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithabatha isivamvo unrecoverable kwindawo izindlu evaliweyo, ukuthembeka kukukwazi ukugcina impilo yabo ixesha lokuphumla ezinikiweyo zokuthathwa kwalo. Ngamafutshane, ukuba esi sixhobo siza kusebenza ngaphandle nokungaphumeleli iinyanga ezili-12 kwi siqinisekiso ngonyaka, kufuneka kuqondwe ezithembeke ngokwaneleyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezithile kwimithetho enjalo engqongqo. Khumbula indlela bayathetha ngayo imoto leyo kugcino? Kulo mzekelo, ukuthembeka - hayi-ntonye segama elithi "ukuthembeka", nto leyo ithetha ukuba isiqalo ngoko nangoko injini, kwaye "ixesha elide," yaye "maintainability". Akukho namnye unako ukuqinisekisa ukuba injini liya kuqala ngoko nangoko, kwaye kungekho naziphi na iingxaki ziya kusebenza.

isityalo mbane oluthembakeleyo waqinisekisa ukuba ukumelana yogcino (kunye neemeko ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ezifanelekileyo) kwaye akwazi ukusebenza emva nayiphi na imisebenzi yesondlo. Ngoko ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka - uluhlu lwe amanyathelo ayimfuneko, ezo zijolise ekwandiseni amathuba lembandezelo-free, ukusebenza kakuhle nezixhobo, iinkqubo kunye lonke kwizakhiwo zoshishino.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba nako isixhobo yenyuka wokugqibela wayo ngaphandle breakdowns ezinkulu kunye nokugcinwa kuyimfuneko. Oku ikakhulu kuwiselwa izinto ekufuneka esebenze kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu.

Yintoni kufuneka akhokelwe kuvavanywa ukuthembeka into?

Njengomgaqo, abenzi sikhokelwa GOST 27.002-89 "Ukuthembeka kwimizobo. Concepts. Iinkcazelo", ukusuka apho zivela phantse onke amagama kukuthembeka lamkele kumacandelo esizwe yobugcisa kunye nezoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, lo mgangatho lugubungela zonke iingqiqo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngamanye amaxesha senza ingcaciso.

Ngoko nangoko ingqalelo iintlobo kukuthembeka. inzululwazi yanamhlanje ibonisa ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela:

• Misela element, inkqubo le into.
• Uzinzo zakhiwo xa iyonke.

La magama nje kuphela idityaniswe, kodwa kufuneka kumpompoza Ngokusengqiqweni omnye komnye. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba sihlolisise lo gama jikelele, ngendlela eqhelekileyo ukuqonda.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo mbono ukuthembeka: isiqalelo into kunye nenkqubo

Into uhlobo imveliso yobugcisa ekufuneka esweni ukususela kwisigaba kuyilo noziso kubathengi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba phantsi le nkcazelo ibandakanya kungekuphela nje izinto ngamnye, kodwa iinkqubo ngendlela entsonkothileyo: oomatshini, izakhiwo, izakhiwo izakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zoshishino.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo libhekisela ingqokelela yezinto eziqhagamshelene ezinye umsebenzi eqhelekileyo ukuba kufuneka enze. nto njengoko unako elithekelelwayo, ngokuba encinane, yinxalenye into yokuba imisebenzi ethile. isiqalelo ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kubuchule nokuthembeka zobugcisa yenkqubo liphela ngokubanzi.

Zonke ezi ngcamango ungumzalwana kakhulu, ekubeni kubonakala hleze nitshabalalisane kuphele. Ngenxa yoko, kwezinye into uphando kuthathelwa ingqalelo inkqubo (njengoko ngokwayo isethi lweziqalelo), okanye inokuba into eyahlukileyo ukuba zingajongwa ngokwembono yokusebenzela enkulu kunye nezintsonkothileyo kude.

Vele ubeke, yonke kuxhomekeke kwisikali into ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kwizifundo. Le nto ithi ithiyori ukuthembeka, nto leyo ngoku kudala sekuvele njengento isebe lwenzululwazi ozimeleyo kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ubudlelwane phakathi komntu umatshini

Abantu abasebenza abaqhubi oomatshini kunye nezibonelelo zemveliso nazo izinto ezahlukeneyo lweenkqubo. ukuba Bakha omnye nomnye kunye neendlela. Systems sebenzisana ngexesha lenene. Makuboniswe ingqibelelo yabo nokuthembeka unxulumano olucacileyo phakathi isakhiwo izinto ukuya komnye.

Ngomhla United of yinto enokwenzeka

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba into nganye kunelixesha lokuphumla elinikiweyo inokuba ukwimeko ethile. Ivela oku kuxhomekeke parameters ethile kukuthembeka. Makhe zibhale:

• isimo esihle. Kulo mzekelo, injongosenzi iyahambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nezokulawula parameters, ezo zifakwe ngumvelisi kuyo.
• nto eziphosakeleyo iqwalaselwa xa ubuncinane enye yezi parameters akuthethi zanelisa iinkcukacha kwangaphambili.
• Imeko yempilo yento unako ukwenza yonke imisebenzi yayo engundoqo, kwaye ixabiso yeempawu elisekiweyo liya kuba ngaphakathi imigangatho zobugcisa. Khumbula ukuba isixhobo sinesiphene ingaqalwa, kodwa ayikwazi ukubizwa zokusebenza kunye metric ukuthembeka uya chu ukuhla de alingane zero.
• Siphela - imeko apho into lingenako ukuhlangabezana wabeka phantsi ngemimiselo yakhe zobugcisa, kwaye ayikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yayo. Ukuthembeka kulo mzekelo, incoko akayi konke konke.

Nciphisa ukuthembeka karhulumente

Xa bexoxa ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zobugcisa, kubaluleke kakhulu ingqikelelo karhulumente umda. Ngamafutshane, le meko ebizwa ngokuba apho intsebenziswano ngakumbi umatshini okanye isixhobo iba ayisebenzi kunye / okanye engenakwenzeka. Yimeko efanayo kwenzeka ngenxa ukusilela okanye isehlo nayiphi na enkulu eziphathekayo iziphene akhululeke. Ngoko, naziphi na iinzame ku kusenzeka ukuphela ukungaphumeleli, njengoko isixhobo kungenzeka ukuba ndingagevezeli kwaye ukuyisonga.

Iimpawu ngokunciphisa imeko simisela mveliso, apho ulwazi kufuneka ziboniswe kwi into iinkcukacha eziqhotyoshelweyo. Rhoqo ngonyaka kukho ukunyuka ngokubanzi ukuthembeka ngenxa yeenkqubo ezinkulu zobugcisa yemveliso, kodwa yonke idatha ngumvelisi liya kubonelela, xa isicelo umboleki.

Zeziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo imeko umda?

Njengokuba besesitshilo, kukho iindidi ezimbini zezinto:

• Restorable wabiza element nga iphinde isebenze ngokupheleleyo ogama komsebenzi, kwaye phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
• Ngako oko, into lwento engafumanekiyo lo msebenzi leyo akunakwenzeka ukuba babuye bahlaziyelwe. Xa kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

Kudidi ngalunye, kukho ezinye impawu eziqhelekileyo, leyo ngokuzithemba ukuxilonga imeko umda. Kakade ke, ukuthembeka iinkqubo zobugcisa kulo mzekelo iya kuba ezahlukeneyo: ukuba (inkqubo) iquka into enye, nto leyo efanele imisebenzi yesiqhelo, indlela yokusebenza kukuthembeka kwayo kuya kuba zero. Ukuba into ibe nokulungiswa (okanye kufakwe enye engenakulungiseka) amanani ngokwenene ukubuyisela esiqhelweni.

Ke zona izinto engenakulungiseka, ngoko urhulumente umda kubo iza kumtwana lowo ngoko nangoka xa ndidiniwe isiqinisekiso okanye ezinye izixhobo, nto leyo yasekwa ngumvelisi. Kunjalo enokuthethwa uphuhliso avumelekile ubuninzi apho ukusebenza ngakumbi isixhobo iba ngokungenangqiqo yingozi. Kwezinye iimeko, le abaliweyo ukhuseleko factor. Formula ngayo ilula:

ki = li / lb

Makhe ukufumana intsingiselo yezahlukileyo:

• li - ixabiso elililo izinga ukungaphumeleli;
• lb - rate ukusilela candelo.

Esibala izinga ukungaphumeleli

Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa i equation zilandelayo:

l (i) = n (t) / (Nt * Impindezelo)

• l (t) - inani elipheleleyo yagqampa yaya.
• NT --avareji yenani izinto kule nkqubo.
• n (t) - inani lokungaphumeleli kwisithuba sexesha elithile.
• Impindezelo - owamkelwe njenge saziwe ubude bexesha apho uyazibophelela kwinani elipheleleyo iingxaki yenkqubo.

Okubalulekileyo! Kwisalathisi ixabiso elililo ethatyathwa yokusilela iincwadi reference ezizodwa. ngaba lwahlukile kakhulu kwishishini ngalinye, ngoko azise uluhlu nyama- okuchazwa kulo mbandela, asikwazi emzimbeni nako.

Ibale ukuthembeka factor, unako lula ukufumanisa malunga nomawukulindele nto. Eli nani lingaphantsi, ethembeke ngakumbi kufuneka iqatshelwe isixhobo, imoto okanye indlu.

Malunga ukubuyisela izinto

Njengoko le meko yangaphambili, kuza umda kwimeko ukusebenza ngakumbi uba nje akunakwenzeka okanye lukhuni. Kwimeko yokugqibela kufuneka athathe ingqalelo zizo zonke izinto ezininzi:

• Ukugcina into kwi ubuncinane ekhuselekileyo kunye / okanye ukusebenza-level kube nzima okanye esixabiso likhulu kakhulu.
• Ngenxa yoko, anxibe isixhobo okanye umatshini ukuba ibe kwimeko yokuba kube lula yaye kungabinandleko ukuthenga into efanayo.

Kwezinye iimeko, umenzi iqwalasela ukuba imeko umda kwenzeka ngalo mzuzu xa zizo zonke iingxaki emfono na ukulungiswa kuphela ngokwenza ulungiso olumandla. Enyanisweni, kulula kakhulu ukuba ninengqiqo, ekubeni kuthintela iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, isithetha-ntonye segama elithi "ukuthembeka" - serviceability, maintainability.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngexesha umsebenzi into inokuba nezinye iimeko, leyo ngoku ukuxoxa.

Moving izinto States ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokusebenza kwalo

• Ukonakala - sisiganeko owakhiwa ngayo impazamo serviceability yento lo gama kugcinwe ukusebenza kwayo.
• Lwemibandela - isiganeko eyaphula into eyiyo.
• Ikhrayitheriya ukusilela - iBEE okanye isambuku yayo, ngokutsho yokufunyaniswa kwe ukusilela.
• YoBuyiselo - inkqubo lokubhaqa ukuphelisa ukusilela (breakage) ukuze kubuyiselwe (umyalelo ukusebenza) yayo yokusebenza.

Uhlalutyo Practical kukuthembeka

Xa iingcali inxaxheba kuhlalutyo isifundo kukuthembeka, iimoto okanye izakhiwo, kubo kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenziwa oonyana ngesigqibo kakuhle ukuba benze ntoni xa ukusilela. Sazigqibela ukuba into yeengcingane ibuyiselwe, kodwa phantsi kwemiqathango ethile, bayilungise kuya kuba ukuyilahla kunye / okanye akunakwenzeka, kuya kuba bubulumko ukuba ukuguqulela ibe kudidi non-ukulungiswa.

Ngokomzekelo, omnye satellite yemozulu. Ngexesha lakhe ilizwe, ukwakha uze ulivavanye kunxulumene izinto ziqokelelwe. Xa kuthathelwa orbit, amathuba yokulungisa lidla ukuba kiswano, yaye ngenxa yoko ke nokuthembeka impumelelo yenkqubo yonke.

imiqondo Ukuthembeka engabonakali

samxelela ngaphambili ukuba uhlolisisa ingcamango ukuthembeka, xa kufikwa izinto eziphathekayo: izinto, izixhobo, oomatshini, iinqanawa, iinqwelo-moya, njl Kodwa nokuba ubuncinane ezinye la magama asetyenziswa ukumelwa nikhetha ngakumbi? Njani, umzekelo, ukwazi ukuthembeka egcina imali? Ngapha koko, akukho abanayo kumenzi Ndicebisa ukuba pick up igalelo yakho emva kokuvela xesha?!

Enyanisweni, kukho isicombululo, yaye kulo mzekelo, nangona isigqibo ukuthembeka yenziwa ngamanye imiqondiso emininzi. Masenze uluhlu, yintoni iikhrayitheriya kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kuqala:

• Ubume yeziko zemali, isishwankathelo abasunguli balo.
• Wabaseki ikhomishini.
• Ukuphononongwa, impendulo zabathengi, kwaye amayeza seminyaka emibini ubuncinane ukuya kwemithathu. Ukuze ulwazi yakutsha kungcono ukuba ukunikela ingqalelo kuwo onke.
• Eyona Ipesenti zombini iidiphozithi mboleko.
• Isibonelelo kweziqinisekiso yebhanki.

Okokuqala, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ubume wabaseki. nangoko Amanye amagama bathi abantu abanolwazi ukuba banxibelelane ibhanki nje ekungekho nzuzo ngayo. Ngalo lonke ixesha zama ukufumana inyaniso; ukuba isayithi okanye amaxwebhu abasemthethweni, ezi ke ziyafumaneka kuwonke-wonke, loo nkcazelo ayifumaneki, khangela uluhlu lwemibutho ukuba ngandlel 'abhekisele kule ziko. Ukuba (nkqu elidlulileyo kude) baphuma ukuba abatyholwayo amanyundululu zemali, kungcono ukuba bakhangele indawo imali yabo ekhuselekileyo.

Nantso indlela wayezimisele ukuthembeka egcina imali. Ukuba into enye ubuncinane ukusuka kuluhlu uchazwe apha ngasentla ibangela, inkxalabo yakho nokungaqiniseki, Kucetyiswa ukuba ngamandla ukuba basebenzise iinkonzo eli ziko-mali ethile.