Ukupeyinta Dutch. Dutch Golden Age ukupeyinta. Mizobo abaculi Dutch

Malunga Dutch okanye Imizobo Flemish kwaziwa ngabo abo ezazi kakuhle ubugcisa. Kodwa baninzi, oko akukho ngaphezu kokuba eni Rembrandt. Ngelo xesha, ukuba ngokhethekileyo kakhulu, ufanelwe Ufundo ngakumbi kummandla inkcubeko yaseYurophu, nto leyo ebonakalisa ubomi ezikhethekileyo abantu Netherlands ngelo xesha.

Indaba

abameli Outstanding zobugcisa yaqala ukubonakala kweli lizwe ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. nezifundo zenkcubeko French wabanika igama eliqhelekileyo - "Dutch encinane", nto leyo enxulumene isikali lweetalente ikwamele attachment kwimixholo ethile yobomi bemihla ngemihla, isichasi isimbo 'elikhulu "kunye canvases enkulu kwizifundo zembali okanye nangqondo. Imbali ukuvela yokudweba Dutch kuchazwa ngokweenkcukacha kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kunye nababhali emisebenzini yabo ukusebenzisa le kota. "Small Dutchmen" ngokoqobo owahlukileyo wempangelo wabhenela ihlabathi ngaphandle, kunye nabantu baye basebenzisa ubugcisa, iithowuni zizityebi.

Izigaba

Imbali ukuvela yokudweba Dutch angohlulwa izihlandlo eziliqela. Esokuqala malunga neminyaka 1620 ngo-1630, xa zobugcisa lesizwe imvume ngokoqobo. Ithuba lesibini yokudweba Dutch ukuba walityhutyha 1640-1660 gg. Eli xesha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imbali ngokwenene esikolweni ubuciko bendawo. Ekugqibeleni, ixesha wesithathu, ixesha xa umzobo Dutch waqalisa ukuhla - ukususela 1670 de kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amaziko enkcubeko ngeli xesha yatshintsha. Kweli xesha lokuqala, amagcisa eziphambili wasebenza e Haarlem, kwaye ummeli engundoqo yaba Khalsa. Emva koko, eli ziko wafudukela Amsterdam, apho lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo wenziwe Rembrandt ne Vermeer.

Imifanekiso zemihla ngemihla

Zibala iintlobo ezibalulekileyo yokudweba Dutch, qiniseka ukuba uqale umsebenzisi - yeyona brilliant and original ezimbalini. It Flemings wavula imiboniso ehlabathini yobomi bemihla ngemihla abantu abaqhelekileyo, abalimi kunye abemi okanye kwabemi. Oovulindlela waqala Ostade kunye nabalandeli bakhe Audenrogge, Bega kunye Dyusart. Xa Imizobo okuqala Ostade yabantu bedlala amakhadi, ukubambana nkqu ukulwa ukoma. umfanekiso ngamnye features a onamandla, umlinganiswa into ekrakra. ukupeyinta Dutch baloo maxesha yaye ithetha imeko elinoxolo: eminye imisebenzi abalimi bancokola ityhubhu kunye iglasi yebhiya, bachitha ixesha elifanelekileyo okanye usapho. Impembelelo Rembrandt kukhokelele ukusetyenziswa kwezi ukukhanya segolide nomthunzi. imifanekiso Urban ophefumlelwe amagcisa ezifana Hals, Leyster, Molenaar kunye Codd. Phakathi kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe iinkosi ezotywe oogqirha, izazinzulu kule nkqubo, iindibano zocweyo zabo, umsebenzi endlini okanye iziganeko zentlalo. ibali ngasinye ukonwabisa, maxa wambi yayisetyenziselwa elibi. Ezinye iinkosi sathanda poeticize yobomi bemihla ngemihla, umzekelo, Terborch ebonisa izigcawu umculo kwezigqibo, okanye ukudlala. Metsu wasebenzisa imibala eqaqambileyo, sijike imihla ibe iholide, yaye de Hooch waphefumlelwa kuphila ubomi bentsapho, zizaliswe emini kwentamo. Kamva, mmeli uhlobo, equka ngabapeyinti Dutch ezifana Van der Werf kunye Aert van der zalwane, ekufuneni kwakhe ukudala imifanekiso ezintle badla zifundo wanda.

Nature kunye namathafa

Ngaphezu koko, ukupeyinta Dutch ngokubanzi zimelwe kwi landscape uhlobo. Yena lo kuqala wazalelwa imisebenzi yeenkosi ezinjalo Haarlem njengoko van Goyen, de Moleyn kunye van Ruisdael. Baqala ke ukuba esimelela nasemaphandleni kwi ukukhanya ethile ubuhle. ubunye Izinto zendalo aphuma amaphepha ukuba nkulu zona. Kufuneka ibuye nezithabazi. Seascape baba ngabapeyinti Dutch kwenkulungwane ye-17, njengoko Porsellis, de Vlieger no Van De Capelle. Abazange bafuna nje ukuba adlulisele izigcawu zaselwandle, abaninzi baye bazama kukuveza amanzi ngokwawo, lomdlalo ukukhanya phezu kwayo, kwaye esibhakabhakeni.

Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane elinesixhenxe, uhlobo ukuba imisebenzi ngokweemvakalelo ngakumbi izimvo bulumko. Ubuninzi zityhila ubuhle yomhlaba Dutch Jan van Ruisdael ayiveza ngayo kuyo yonke drama yayo, izikhombisi monumentality. Ezihlangwini namasiko alo iye yaba ikuba, wakhetha ubume enelanga. Koninck uvezwa pan kunye van der HEP inxaxheba ekudalweni nangokusulela ndithanda ebusuku ebusuku, ukuphuma kwelanga. Ukuze ufumane inani kwamagcisa kunye namathafa uphawu yomfanekiso izilwanyana, ezifana iinkomo namahashe imfuyo, kwakunye ndawo lokuzingela kunye mahashe. Kamva, amagcisa baqala inxaxheba kunye nohlobo basemzini - Boat Van Lahr, Weenix, Berchem kunye Hackert ebonisa Italy, ukuhlamba kwi imitha kwelanga. Omnye uvulindlela uhlobo lwe landscape ezidolophini baba Sanredam, abalandeli engcono ngubani na kubizwa ngokuba abazalwana Berkheyde kunye Yana Van der Heijden.

ngaphakathi umfanekiso

A uhlobo eyahlukileyo, ayifani ukupeyinta bamaDutch ngexesha layo, zindaba kubizwa ngokuba ibandla, ibhotwe kunye nezinto zendlu. Le ngaphakathi zibonakele imizobo kwesiqingatha sesibini iinkosi ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe Delft - Haukgesta, van der Vliet kunye de Witte, owaba ummeli oyintloko ulwalathiso. Ukusebenzisa netheknoloji Vermeer, ngabapeyinti abasemifanekisweni imifanekiso ahlanjwe ukukhanya nobushushu bendalo, ezele iimvakalelo kunye nesiqulatho.

izitya amahle nezitsha

Ekugqibeleni, omnye uphawu uhlobo yokudweba Dutch - kusekho ubomi, ingakumbi umfanekiso sakusasa. okokuqala baya harlemtsy kunye Klas Heda, ngubani beqabe neetafile wambu Luxury tableware. Sigulo elihle nangokusulela ezizodwa ngaphakathi ofudumeleyo nokukhanya yesilivere-ndiyingwevu, uphawu zesilivere kunye pewter kunye. Utrecht amagcisa arhola intyatyambo uhlaza kusekho lifes, ingakumbi iinkosi Hague ilawulwa umfanekiso iintlanzi kunye ezirhubuluzayo zaselwandle. E Leiden kwakukho Umkhuba bulumko na uhlobo, apho iisimboli yenyama nobuqaqawuli emhlabeni kuhlangana lukakayi, elinediski, eyenzelwe Ndifana transience kwexesha. Affordable Kitchen kusekho ubomi waba lwentando School Art e Rotterdam.