Ukuhlolwa kwesitampu somhlaba. Ubunjineli kunye nophando lwezobuchwephesha kwizakhiwo

Ngethuba lokwakha kunye nokusebenza kwezakhiwo, umhlaba ugocekile, okhokelela ekuqhutyweni kwesakhiwo esandul 'esakhiweyo. Lo mcimbi awubuhlungu kakhulu, kuba uyasongela ukubonakala kweentsikelelo okanye ukubethelwa kwesakhiwo. Ngoko, kuya kubeka ingozi ekuqhubekeni kwayo. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukubala i-coefficient ngokucwangcisa umda we-deformation yesiseko sesakhiwo. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukuhlolwa kwetampu zemoya zenziwa.

Ubungakanani kunye neempawu zendlela

Inkcazo yeempawu zeengxaki zomhlaba yindlela eziphatha ngayo phantsi kwemithwalo emikhulu. Yazi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze uqikelele ukuqhubela phambili okanye ukuxhaswa. Oku kubandakanya iqela leengcali.

Indlela yokuhlola yokufa ibonisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo, ngoko ke enye yeyona nto ephambili kuyo nayiphi na imisebenzi yobunjineli-geological. Ngokukodwa xa kucetywayo ukwakha isakhiwo phantsi komhlaba okanye izakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Ukuchaneka kwezi mvavanyo kulawulwa yiGOST.

Ingundoqo yendlela iqulethwe ngokulandelwa kwezinyathelo-nge-nyathelo zezitampu ezinzima ezifakwe emhlabathini. Ngo kuncedwa kwezixhobo ezizodwa, imithwalo yazo ilandelwa kwaye ixabiso lokunciphisa lizimisele. Ngokuxhomekeka kwintambo yokufa kwayo, izakhiwo ze-deformation zomhlaba zibalwa.

Ukuvavanya ngeempompo ezichasayo

Ngokungafani nendlela yokubetha, iimvavanyo zesitampu zifuna izixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zisebenza ngamandla. Izixhobo ezifunekayo kunye nezixhobo, njengommiselo, zinkulu kwaye zinobunzima obukhulu. Ukongezelela, ngaphambi kokuba uqale umsebenzi, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela umhlaba wokuvavanya. Ixesha lexesha libaluleke kwakhona: ukufunda uhlobo lobuncwane bomhlaba, kuya kuthatha ixesha elide. Yongeza apha iifomula eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubala ezifuna idatha ekhethekileyo, umzekelo, isilinganiso sePoisson somhlaba.

Yingakho le ndlela ingasetyenzisiwe ekuqaleni kobunjineli kunye nophando lwe-geological, kodwa kwinqanaba lokugqiba yonke imisebenzi, xa isakhiwo sokwakhiwa kukhethwe kwaye ubukhulu bendawo bubalwa. Kubalulekile ukuba uqale wazi iqondo eliphezulu lokulayishwa komhlaba kwaye ubale izixhobo ze geological zesi siza sokwakha. Kwakhona uyakuqwalasela ukubala uhlobo lwesiseko kunye nokujongwa kokubeka kwayo. Yonke le migaqo ichazwe kumhlathi ohambelana neGOST.

Ubukhulu beetampu kunye nempembelelo yazo kwi-deformation

Ngasekuqaleni kwe-1930, kwafunyanwa ukuba ubungakanani besitampu esetyenzisiwe kwiintlobo ezininzi zichaphazela umlinganiselo we-deformation yomhlaba othile. Njengomphumo wophando, umshicileli kunye nezitampu zesikwere kwiibumba kunye neesanti zinolwazi olunomdla. I-Shrinkage ayitshintshe phantsi kweemeko zobukhulu obuqhelekileyo besitampu: kunye necala ukusuka kwi-18 kuya kwi-30 cm. Ukuba ubukhulu bayo bubuke kakhulu kwiixabiso, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, iparameter ye-shrinkage yanda.

Ngenxa yoko, i-Soviet geologist ibalwa ubukhulu bomgangatho wokufa, owawusetyenziswe iminyaka emininzi yokuvavanya. Ezi zizitampu eziplaniweyo, ezijikelezileyo nezizinzileyo kunye nommandla we-2.5, we-5 no-10 wamakhilomitha ayi-square. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa isitampu esincinci, kunye nommandla wecandelo elingu- ² cm kuphela, indawo yalo iyanda kwixabiso elincinci ngeendlela ezizodwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukufa okuncinci kusetshenziselwa kuphela kumacandelo akhethekileyo, ngokubanzi kwimithombo kunye ne-driging rigs.

Ubukhulu obuphakanyisiweyo

Nakhu iziphi izitampu ezicetyiswayo ukuba zisebenzise, kuxhomekeke kubuxininisa nohlobo lwenhlabathi:

• Umsila, isanti, umhlabathi okhululekile kunye nomhlaba onobubanzi kunye nesilinganiso esiqhelekileyo soxinzelelo - izitampu kunye nommandla we-5 000 cm cm kunye nobubanzi be-80 cm. I-coefficient ye-IL enhlabathini enjalo ingaphezu kwe-0.25.
• Inhlabathi yomhlaba kunye nenhlabathi isebenzisa izitampu kunye nenxalenye yesiqingatha ububanzi kunye nobubanzi obuyi-57 cm. I-coefficient ye-IL ingaphantsi kwe-0.25.

Iimpawu zokukhubazeka

Qinisekisa indlela efunekayo yomhlaba inokwenziwa ngesixhobo esikhethekileyo - i-pressiometer. Isetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwesitampu kwintsimi. Esi sixhobo sikuvumela ukuba ubone iinkalo ezininzi zemithombo esekelwe kwimihlobo yazo.

Ngenxa yentlabathi, udongwe, umhlaba womhlaba okanye umhlaba oqhekezayo, imodyuli ye deformation ichongiwe. Inhlabathi yombumba kunye nobukhulu obuphezulu benkxaso-mali ihlolwe ukunyanzeliswa kokuqala kunye nokuchithwa kohlobo.

Umlinganiselo usebenzisa i-Poisson ratio

Ukubalwa kokumelana nomhlaba ngenxa yeziphumo zokufa kuchongwa ngokusebenzisa umzekelo okhethekileyo. Isebenzisa i-coefficient ekhethekileyo, kuzo zonke izizukulwana. Ubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo wePoisson kwaye wenza izixabiso ezilandelayo ngamatye ahlukeneyo:

• Umhlaba ogugu - 0,15.
• Semicall - 0.25.
• I-overwrap ngu-0.27.
• Sand - 0.3.
• Loam - 0,35.
• Clay - 0.42.

I-coefficient yePoisson ngenhlabathi ithatha inxaxheba kwifom yokubala i-modulus yoxinzelelo. Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo kunye nokuchaneka kwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ixabiso le modyuli liyakubalwa kuphela kwicandelo lomgca ochanekileyo. Emva kwakho konke, ukuziphatha komhlaba, iimilinganiselo zokubaluleka kwazo kufuneka zichongwe, ziguquke kakhulu. Ngako oko, iwela phantsi kweengcamango zemizimba ehlukileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-modulus deformation ngokwayo iyigugu rhoqo, ngoko, ukwazi, kunye nokwakhiwa kunye neepropati zomhlaba ngokwawo, akunzima ukubala izinga lokuhlenga isakhiwo.

Ukongeza kwimodyuli yokukhutshwa, ukuhlolwa kweesitampu zemithombo kuvumela ukuxhaswa kwe-substrence yomhlaba phantsi kokunyuka kunye nomthwalo othile, ukubonakalisa umlinganiselo wexabiso elibalulekileyo kunye nokuchaza ubungakanani bemithwalo yokukhutshwa ngexesha lokusebenza.

Amanyathelo okuchithwa komhlaba

Kwinkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa komhlaba phantsi koxinzelelo lwesiseko, ehlanjiswayo ngeetampamphi, amanyathelo athile ahlukeneyo.

• Ukutywinwa. Umhlaba unyanzelekile, okhokelela ekunciphiseni kwiimpawu ze-porosity.
• Shift. Umhlaba usemgangathweni olinganayo, kodwa ngeendidi ezininzi ezisezantsi emacaleni omgangatho ophantsi.
• Ukutshabalalisa, ukugqiba okanye ukukhetha. Iindonga ezisemgangathweni zomhlaba ziqala ukudiliza, ezikhokelela ekutshintsheni okulandelayo kwesakhiwo. Icandelo lomhlaba kunye nesitampu siyafuduswa, kwaye kunye nemida yalo ukucandwa kwamatye omhlaba kwenzeka. Ukuba umthwalo ophantsi kweli nqanaba ukwandisa, kwantoni na, inqanaba lokutshatyalaliswa likhula ngokukhawuleza.

Abanye abaphandi bahlukanisa amacandelo amabini kuphela okutshatyalaliswa, ngaphandle kokuhlukana okucacileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubuchwephesha bwanamhlanje buye bahamba phambili, namhlanje kulula ukulungisa kwanamashishini amancinci kwisakhiwo somhlaba.

Ukulungiswa nokucwangciswa kwedatha efunyenweyo

Naluphina uphando lwezobunjineli kunye nolwase-geological olwenzelwe ukwakhiwa lugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kwephephabhengezo, apho idatha efunekayo ifakiwe. Apha, oku kukuxabisa kweetampamp ngaphantsi kwefuthe lemithwalo. Ukucwangciswa kwedatha, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, lunokuphathwa ngesandla okanye ngoncedo lwezixhobo ezizodwa.

Xa umsebenzi wokuvavanywa ugqityiwe, idatha iqhutywe ngedokethi. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zabo, iigrafu zenziwe, apho ukuxhomekeka koxinzelelo kunye nokuxinwa kwetampu kunokulandelwa.

Imiba yomsebenzi kunye nokuqapha

Kukho ukulinganiselwa ezithile ngobukhulu bezityalo ngokwabo kunye nobubanzi beemithombo, ezilawulwa yi-GOST. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukubeka esweni isantya sokubukeka komthombo. Ekuhambeni komsebenzi, iindonga zayo zenziwe ngeendlela zokubhobhoza.

Ngaphambi kokufaka isitampu, ubuso buhlambulukile ngokuchanekileyo usebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa. Umgangatho emva kokuba oku kulula. Ukuba indawo engaphelelekanga ayikwazi ukufikelela, umcamelo wentlabathi u-2-5 cm ubukhulu bubekiwe kuwo, kuxhomekeke kumhlobo womhlaba.

Ukwenza isitampu ngokukhawuleza kunxibelelana kunye nomhlaba, ijikelezwa ngexesha elifutshane malunga ne-axis. Emva kofakelo, qwa lasela i-degree of horizontality, uze wenze ukufakela kwezixhobo ezisele.

Ukulinganiswa kwezinga lokutshatyalaliswa kwenzelwa kwisithuba seshumi sesilimitha. Ngexesha lokuqala kweyure emva kokuqala kweemvavanyo zeesitampu zomhlaba, iziphene zilinganiswa yonke imizuzu eyi-15. Ngeyure yesibini - ngasinye isiqingatha seyure, kwaye emva kweyure, de kube iqondo le-shrinkage lizinzile.

Ukufumana uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lubonakaliswa yimbonakalo yentlukwano ejikelezwe kwisitampu okanye kwi-protrusions yomhlaba. Olu vavanyo lufanele lugcinwe.

Ngombulelo kwezobuchwepheshe bwanamhlanje, ubunjineli kunye nokuhlolwa kwee-geological okwakhiwa kuzo zonke iindidi zomhlaba, kunye nakwiindawo zenkqantosi. Kuyavunyelwa ukuphanda iindawo ezikhukula kunye neendawo zokulima. Ngokuqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo iteknoloji nokulandela iimfuno ze-GOST uvavanyo luya kuphumelela.

Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zesitampu zemithombo yomzila wesitimela. Kwaye ukuba i-drilling inzima okanye iqhutyelwa kwiimeko ezixinyiweyo, iingcali zisebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa kunye ne-motobur.