Ubume wenqanawa. Types and neenqanawa nenjongo

Ukuhambisa ecaleni imilambo kunye neelwandle kwi baneenqanawa kwimbali eyaziwa iminyaka engaphezu kwama amawaka amahlanu. Okwangoku, ngokutsho isigama eyamkelekileyo, isitya kwezakha - impahla, umkhweli okanye zorhwebo watercraft enkulu-ertyisi, inqanawa - emkhosini. Sibala iintlobo iinqanawa kunye nempahla kunokuba elide. Ulwandle idumileyo - it sailboats kunye elwandle, ethwala kunye neenqanawa, izikhephe, ethwala nabakhi isambuku. Iinqanawa - lo moya iziphathi, Zempi, cruisers, ababhuqi ngwenya.

Ubume lomkhumbi

Enoba yintoni uhlobo okanye Class ayibandakanyi watercraft, oko sizalwa izinto zezo zesakhiwo. Kwindawo yokuqala, Kakade ke, lo izindlu, apho lo superstructure ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, andizele kunye izithole. Enye into ebalulekileyo zonke iimpahla ezo iinjini kunye inqwelo izityalo ngokubanzi, namandla. Kuba izikhitshana ubomi zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo, iinkqubo, zombane, imibhobho kunye nezixhobo kweendawo.

iimpahla Sesuka axhotyiswe ziyihlanganyele kunye zokulawula iiseyile.

Nose ebizwa feed ngaphambili - wamtsho izindlu kunye iindawo zalo - macala. Lomkhumbi xa uhambisa i oomatiloshe ekuthiwa lomkhumbi, ngasekhohlo - backboard.

Bottom okanye Undoqo inxalenye ezantsi enqanaweni, ube - ukudlulela tye. Nentolongo enqanaweni - oku na igumbi ezantsi, nto leyo ifumaneka phakathi emazantsi kunye emazantsi kumgangatho. Kathi ebizwa tweendeck.

Uyilo lwe igobhogobho

Ukuba sithethe ngayo emkhombeni nakanye, nokuba noweenqanawa zokulwa okanye isitya zokunxiba, umzimba loo nto amanzi umzimba imilo iimeko, kuthembeke ngaphakathi. Izindlu inikeza inqanawa sisemanzini kunye nesiseko okanye iqonga apho imvelaphi inyuselwa khona isixhobo okanye izixhobo ngokuxhomekeke kuyo wenqanawa.

uhlobo isitya ikwabangela imilo umzimba, kunye nobukhulu bayo.

Igobhogobho iquka iseti nesikhumba. Bulkheads kunye nemigangatho - yimiba ezendeleyo kwiintlobo ezithile iimpahla.

Elibele ingenziwa ngomthi, kumaxesha amandulo, yaye namhlanje, iiplastiki kunye welding kunye okanye riveted iipleyiti zentsimbi okanye ufakelo lwesamente.

Kwicala ngaphakathi ukugcina amandla kunye nokumila nesingxobo igobhogobho kunye kumgangatho exhaswa imiqadi emibonweni amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ukucwangcisa, ngomthi okanye intsimbi, ezo zicwangciswe ezinqamlezayo nezalathiso longitudinal.

Yesiqephu umzimba ngokufuthi iphela ne, iyimithi ezinamandla; wayesemva - isakhelo lukhuni impumlo - baphuma. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo iikhonto isitya yesaphetha zinokuba nomahluko. Zimisela kukuhla uxhathiso intshukumo wesitya, ukubonelela uphume kunye seaworthiness. Kwamanzi inqanawa impumlo kunciphisa ukunganyangeki ngamanzi, ke ngoko, kunyusa isantya emkhombeni, yaye amafutha lifinyele. Kunye icebreakers Isiqu ibheke ngamandla phambili, ngoko iphenyane ezinambuzelayo kulengqele atshabalalise kuye umzimba wakhe.

izindlu isethi

Izindlu nasiphi na isikhephe kufuneka obusenyongweni kwicala nkqo, longitudinal kunye ezinqamlezayo ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwamanzi, amaza kwiinkqwithela kunye naziphi na ezinye bezimpi ukusebenza kuyo.

inxalenye kwamanzi enqanaweni va umthwalo. Ngoko ke, phakathi iseti zikhangeleke ukuseta ikhonkco longitudinal eziziintloko kufuna umgudu, leyo isitya buckling - fin nkqo. Ubaleka yonke ubude umzimba liqhagamshelaniswe esikhondweni kunye isakhelo ngokungeyomfuneko, kunye nolwakhiwo yayo ixhomekeke kuhlobo isitya.

In ahambisana zikhangeleke le therealong asezantsi stringers, inani labo kuxhomekeka nemilinganiselo enqanaweni kwaye sehlise ukuya isaphetha ngasemva, njengoko encinane ububanzi ezantsi.

Amaxesha amaninzi keels zibelekwe ibekwe ukunciphisa impembelelo ukuphoswa kwicala umkhumbi, ukuba ngaphakathi imilinganiso umzimba ububanzi kwaye izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.

sheets steel nkqo, leyo ibizwa imigangatho ezantsi, ekhwele ngaphaya zezindlu welding, ukuze zikhangeleke kwaye inokuba akubonakali yaye kungenwa nto.

icala iseti emazantsi yokuqesha yaqhubeka kwaye iqulathe stringers (imivalo longitudinal) kunye izakhelo (iimbambo ezinqamlezayo). Stem ngazo umkhosi imikhumbi zero isakhelo sokuthimba kwaye isakhelo avareji - midsection.
Kumgangatho iseti yinkqubo ezidibanayo ngemiqadi longitudinal kunye enqamlezileyo - neyophahla.

Iqokobhe lomkhumbi

isitya iqokobhe iqulathe ingaphandle ezantsi nakwicala nesingxobo iqokobhe kunye egumbini. Isikhumba engaphandle - kwamabhanti tye nizahlule, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: vnakroy, lempundu carvel, herringbone.

inxalenye kwamanzi enqanaweni kufuneka ibe namandla kakhulu, ngoko ke (uluvisa) ibhanti ulusu esezantsi isebenza imimandla ziyatyeba intermediate. Ebubanzini efanayo kunye izowuni nesingxobo ibizwa ngokuba shirstrekom, y ophezulu eqhubekayo imiqadi egumbini.

Sinendawo ezivuzayo iqulathe amaphepha ubude, apho inkxaso emgangathweni efanayo, nomda isithuba engaphakathi phezulu wenqanawa. zicwangciswe ecaleni elide isitya The sheets. Ebubanzini ubuncinane kumgangatho but is 4 mm. Wooden nokwadala ukuba wabumba iibhodi.

Kumgangatho - iseti ingqokelela, kunye ukutyibilika.

sinendawo umkhumbi

igobhogobho Height i sikhephe yohlulwe ube eziliqela kunye namaqonga. Platform - sinendawo leyo ubude yonke enqanaweni, kodwa kuphela ngaphaya zokwahlula ezininzi.

Ube libizwe phezu indawo kwi isitya ezantsi, phakathi kunye ngaphezulu. Xa iziphelo enqanaweni (kwi isaphetha ngasemva) phantsi kumgangatho ongezantsi kukho amaqonga ezijongwa ukuba phezulu-phantsi.

Inani zombini ube kunye namaqonga kuxhomekeke kubungakanani enqanaweni, injongo yaso kunye nesakhiwo.

iimpahla River kunye nempahla Access mixed kufuneka sinendawo ephambili okanye ephezulu. Marine, ezifana umkhweli inqanawa, ukuba ngqo - isitya abakhweli, nemigangatho emithathu.

Ezinkulu ethwala ichibi babe kumgangatho eliphakathi, ngaphandle esingundoqo, bakha thenjwa.

Cruise kwakukhe kube ube kakhulu ezinkulu. Umzekelo, kwi "Titanic" baba ezine kubo, olwaba yonke ubude enqanaweni, amaqonga ezimbini musa ukufikelela nokuba impumlo okanye wayesemva, omnye oluphazanyiswa kwi isaphetha omnye ibekwe nje phambi wenqanawa. Inqanawa entsha Royal Princess uye elinethoba kwayo.

ukuma Upper, ikwabizwa ngokuba koyintloko, okanye primary, ukumelana ntshikilelo ubuninzi phantsi ucinezelo ezinqamlezayo kunye ukugoba longitudinal le lwezindlu. Le enqanawa yenziwa nge ukunyuka kancinane phakathi isaphetha ungqongqo kunye uPienaar kwicala ezinqamlezayo, ukuze kube lula ukuba zithontelane emacaleni amanzi ngaphakathi emngangathweni olwandle rough.

topside

superstructures sizilungiselela - uyilo superstructures ibekwe ngaphaya kobubanzi isitya. Bakha umthamo closed, esetyenziswa ofisi kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. IBhodi wabhekisela superstructure, iindonga ebezingalindelekanga nangoku bakhwela enqanaweni. Kodwa ke uninzi isithuba kumgangatho ophezulu alibandakanyi emacaleni. Ngoko ke, kukho ukwahlulwa eziliqela eqhelekileyo kwi eyiyo wokongeza i-plugin ukuba ibekwe kwi ubude enkulu kangangoko benqanawa, kunye ukusika kakhulu superstructure, kodwa elifutshane.

Ekubeni kumgangatho ophezulu enqanaweni yahlulwe yangamacandelo, ngasinye kunye negama lalo, igama elifanayo kunikwa kwaye add-in, ukuba ikhona: bin okanye kuguqa, lukhuni okanye namaJutes kunye avareji. Forecastle - baqubude superstructure - kujongwe ukunyusa isaphetha igobhogobho.

Itanki ongama ku 2/3 we ubude benqanawa. Itanki side ibekwa kwi ethwala ezingontsini, neenqanawa imithwalo - umthwalo tweendeck.
Xa superstructure aft - le poop okanye poop - kwiinqanawa impahla amalungiselelo indawo yokuhlala iqela.

Phakathi enqatyisiweyo ikhaka superstructures emngangathweni, kufuneka sikhusele kumgangatho emanzini izikhukula.

On iinqanawa, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo nenjongo isitya, ukusika oluqhutywa kwizigaba ezininzi.

On riverboats fowunela kuphela igumbi apho iqhele ivili kunye nonomathotholo, nezinye zonke izakhiwo kumgangatho ophezulu nokhupho - add-on.

lamagumbi umkhumbi

Ubume emkhosini inqanawa okanye isikhephe kuthuthwa kuthetha amagumbi manzi, leyo ukwandisa yayingenakuzika yayo.

Iindonga yangaphakathi nkqo (bulkheads) ubambe wokwahlula manzi ecaleni ubude umthamo lwangaphakathi enqanaweni kwiindawo. Bona ukuthintela amanzi ukugcwalisa lo mqulu lwangaphakathi yonakele kwi inxalenye kwamanzi enqanaweni kunye ukwanda komlilo.

Lamagumbi lomkhombe, ngokuxhomekeke isicelo, kufuneka ngamagama abo. ephehla enkulu zifakwa kwi gumbi, nto leyo ekuthiwa imoto okanye igumbi injini le. Igumbi injini kwibhoyila manzi ezahlulwe sisithuba isahlulelo. Imithwalo bathuthwayo siyinxalenye yezinye impahla (liba). I uhlala ukuba enqanaweni kunye abakhweli ekubhekiselelwe zokuhlala kunye umkhweli ibamba. Amafutha agcinwe kwi gumbi amafutha.

Indawo kweli lamagumbi likhanyise bulkheads njengekhaka. Ukuze sibe nako ukungena lamagumbi kwi izivingco omgangatho kumgangatho kubulawa imilo yoxande. ubukhulu babo buxhomekeke amagumbi kuyo.

isimiso zamob

Power Plant enqanaweni - i iinjini noomatshini abangabancedani, ezikhokelela nje kuphela intshukumo lomkhombe, kodwa kwakhona ukunika ngalo umbane.

Intshukumo inqanawa yeyona injini ephambili, bendiza esi sikhephe, shafting enxibeleleneyo.

iindlela Auxiliary zinika emkhombeni, umbane, amanzi desalinated, umphunga.

Ngokutsho siseko ukusebenza kunye uhlobo injini eziphambili, kunye isimiso amandla imithombo inqanawa okanye ibe umphunga-injini, idizili, dizelturbinnoy, yerhasi,-atom okanye idityaniswe.

izixhobo kunye neenkqubo Ship

ukwakha inqanawe - hayi nje igobhogobho ezikhulu, oko kwakhona isixhobo zaselwandle, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye neendlela zisemngangathweni ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza wenqanawa. Ngaphandle steering okanye zezikhonkwane musa ukumela inqanawa nabantu kude imikhumbi. Kwaye esityeni ngamnye ethwele, mooring, isikhephe, iyunithi imithwalo. Bonke bephela fambisiwaka kwaye zigcinwe iindlela zenkxaso emngangathweni, eziquka amagiya steering, ethwele, ilori kunye winches isikhephe, iimpompo kunye nangaphezulu.

iinkqubo zamob - ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezininzi ngemibhobho kunye iimpompo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo, esebenzisa apho amanzi sokumpompa i lakho okanye amanzi nakwesiphi amanzi okusela okanye amagwebu xa ngomlilo, ngaphandle zokufudumeza, umoya kunye isixhobo.

IiNdlela zegumbi injini lokubonelela inkqubo injini amafutha iinkonzo, umoya ukuze umoya ukwazi iphela iinjini.

Nge Izibane zombane inikezelwe kwi isitya kunye nokusebenza iindlela nezixhobo anikwe amandla amandla shipboard. Zonke iinqanawa mihla zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo yokukhangela ezintsonkothileyo ukufumanisa indlela yokuhamba (course) kunye ezinzulwini, yokulinganisa isantya ukubaleka kunye Ubhaqo yimiqobo inkungu okanye izitya ezizayo.

unxibelelwano lwangaphandle kunye lwangaphakathi enqanaweni ngokusebenzisa kwezixhobo zerediyo: radio, neminxeba VHF irediyo, ukutshintshiselana yomnxeba zaselwandle.

indawo umkhumbi

izibonelelo Marine, nokuba inani labo laba phezu enqanaweni, yahlulwe kumaqela eziliqela.

Le zokuhlala amaqela (ndlwana amagosa 'kunye forecastle) kunye abakhweli (ezingontsini ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu).

Passenger wesampula kodwa kunqabile namhlanje. Bambalwa abantu bavuma ukuba ukuhamba ngesantya kade imigama emide. Kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ungenza i moya. Ngoko ke, lo ndlwana umkhweli - ithe ayaba loluka imikhumbi iza.

Passenger endlwaneni, ingakumbi kwi iinqanawa, le intuthuzelo yahlulwe kwiiklasi eziliqela. Ndlwana elula ufana gumbi kaloliwe buyo kunye ezishelifini amane kwaye kungekho nempahla phantse, ngokufuthi ejongene ngaphakathi emzimbeni kwaye akukho porthole okanye window, kunye ukulayita. A liner Royal Princess inika abakhweli kunye Noluyolo abandwendweli enamagumbi amabini kunye balcony zabucala.

Endlwaneni enqanaweni, inqanawa leyo emkhosini - yinto amagosa lokuhlambela umyalelo. I-ngqwayi kunye namagosa aphezulu kufuneka sihlale omnye owahlukileyo.

Amagumbi lokuhlangana - na, nesendlu, cinema, zokutyela, ithala leencwadi. Hi xikombiso, le ship Oasis Beelwandle kwi board zokutyela-20, a salo wokwenene umkhenkce, ekhasino kunye negumbi ukuya ku 1,380 ababukeli, iklabhu, iklabhu jazz kunye disco.

Kuba iindawo zangasese kunye nezoqoqosho ziquka nococeko (amagumbi impahla, iishawa, izindlu zangasese, ama) kunye nendlu, eziquka ukutya, zonke iintlobo amagumbi zokugcina kunye eluncedo.

Ngo-ofisi abakhweli ngokuqhelekileyo babengawanikwa. Eli gumbi apho ulawulo inqanawa, okanye kwezixhobo zerediyo, igumbi injini, workshop, kugcino abaza kuzisebenzisa kunye nezinye isitokhwe zaselwandle.
Kwizakhiwo injongo ekhethekileyo ziquka impahla ibamba, nokugcinwa kwamafutha eqinileyo okanye engamanzi.

umkhumbi

umkhumbi icebo ezahlukeneyo kancinane ukusuka isitya yesiqhelo. isixhobo kuphela zokulawula iiseyile.

Isixhobo - ingqokelela zonke umkhumbi. Mast - iinkcukacha abathwele ngqo iseyile. Le imasti, spars, lwemasti, bowsprit, ezinegalelo kwingeniso, kunye nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo iincwadi malunga Pirates kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili.

gear olukhethekile, nge apho indawo esisigxina ethile lwemasti, kwaye bowsprit lwemasti ebizwa emi zokulawula iiseyile, ezifana benza. istili enjalo ishiyeke izinzile kwaye yenziwe i Smolenov zamafu ezenziwa ngezinto isityalo okanye Isefu yentsimbi okanye intsimbi ngentambo, kwaye kwezinye iindawo - imixokelelwane.

gear eziphathekayo, apho iiseyile ukunika zicocekile kwaye enze neminye imisebenzi enxulumene nolawulo inqanawa ngomkhombe, ekuthiwa zokulawula iiseyile aphilileyo. Nguwo lo amaxwebhu, halyards kunye nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi bhetyebhetye, iintambo zokwenziwa okanye hemp.

Kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo, nkqu inani ube, sishiya iinqanawa ezifana lo mfo.

Mnogopalubnoe inqanawa phantsi ngomkhombe wabonakala kwinkulungwane XVI. Xa Galleon Spanish ngokuxhomekeke ukubana kungaba ukusuka ube-2 ukuya kwelesi-7. Le superstructure nayo yakhelwe kumanqanaba aliqela, apho zokuhlala osendaweni babekhwele crew namagosa.

Indlela esakhiwe ngayo emkhombeni, ubuncinane, izinto zalo ezisisiseko beemeko musa kuxhomekeka uhlobo nenjongo yale nqanawa, nokuba sailboats, iqhutywa ngamandla omoya, iiseyile inflator okanye iinqanawa ezinamavili nge injini ibe injini, Imikhumbi kunye ufakelo injini umphunga, okanye icebreakers zenyukliya-anikwe amandla.