Ubume Internet:-siseko engundoqo

Namhlanje, i-Internet iza isothuse mntu. Ukufikelela kule womnatha yonke imihla inika inani elikhulu labasebenzisi. Ngokutsho idatha ka-2015, inani labasebenzisi ezidityanisiweyo ligqithisile 3.3 billion. Noko ke, asinguye wonke umntu uyazi kude oko kukuthi isakhiwo ke imithombo yolwazi lwe Internet ngokwalo zobugcisa. Uninzi kwayo, ngokubanzi, akukho mfuneko. Noko ke, iziseko Kwabekwa imigaqo yokusebenza ye-World Wide Web ubuncinane owaziyo kwakusafuneka kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Yintoni i Internet nge twist lwangoku

Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa kuziwa namhlanje Internet, kaninzi endaweni wasebenzisa ingqiqo i-World Wide Web, okanye iWebhu, leyo eye iikhompyutha ezivela kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Ngokubanzi, oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa nantsi ke kuyimfuneko ukuba enze ingcaciso. Njengoko sisazi, akukho ikhompyutha abeva elidityaniswe ngqo kwi Internet kuphela umboneleli-nkonzo apho uyazi uThixo ukuba bangaphi ezinye ezinjengeetheminali eqhagamshelwe okanye izixhobo mobile. Kubonakala ukuba sonke simunye kwinethiwekhi mnye. Kwaye ngokuba "uthungelwano kothungelwano" kule ndlela, i-Internet.

Enyanisweni, i-Internet isekelwe isakhiwo manyano, ngoko ukuthetha, subnets, yaye abaxhakaxhaka lwemigangatho. Ukongeza, ukufikelela resource ethile, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ngaphandle umzila, onako ukukhetha le ndlela ilungileyo yonikezelo olukhawulezayoName ukuya resource elinikiweyo.

Kwaye yintoni umdla. I-Internet ngokwayo akanguye umnini, kwaye uthungelwano ngokwayo ngakumbi kwindawo virtual yonke imihla kuchaphazela umntu ngakumbi nangakumbi, maxa wambi ukubuyisela ekhoyo. Elungileyo okanye embi, asikuko ukuba kuthi ukuba kugweba. Kodwa ujonge iinkalo ezingundoqo zokwakha kunye nokusebenza World Wide Web.

Ubume bale World Wide Web: Ibali ukuvela kunye nophuhliso

Ngoko ke, njengoko sisazi namhlanje, i-intanethi akusoloko kunjalo. Ukuba bagqobhozela imbali, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba usaqala ukwenza uthungelwano yolwazi emanyeneyo, apho wayeza kukwazi nokudlulisela data nje kuphela, kodwa ibe uhlobo 'umguquleli "iseti kweelwimi lwenkqubo ngenxa kwimbono lolwazi, ziye zathathwa kwakude kudala-1962, xa ubude 'imfazwe ebandayo "phakathi kwe US kunye USSR. Ke kwabakho inkqubo ngokwesiseko thiyori ipakethi ziguquka ukuba ukudluliselwa data uLeonard Kleinrock, eyayikhokelwa Dzhozef Liklayder. Ingqwalasela ephambili akazange kuphela ukudluliselwa kolwazi, kodwa "nokungonakali" yayo.

Ngenxa yezi nguqu ngowe-1969 yaye apho womnatha yokuqala, ekuthiwa ARPANet, waba ngukhokho kwi Internet okanye World Wide Web. Ngowe-1971, inkqubo kuqala ukuba uthumele kwaye ufumane i-imeyile, ku-1973, xa waqhubeka nomsebenzi intambo Euro-Atlantic yasungulwa, uthungelwano iye ngamazwe, ngowe-1983 bafudukela TCP / IP protocol enobunye, ngowe-1984, kwabonakala iteknoloji IRC ekuvumela ukuba uxoxe . Kwaye kuphela 1989 at bakukhathalele sele izimele ingcamango web lwehlabathi, ngoku ekuthiwa Internet. Kakade ke, ukuba kude lisetyenziswa kwi imodeli Noko ke, ngoku, eminye imigaqo esisiseko, leyo iquka isakhiwo Internet, yaye wahlala ingaguqukanga.

Isibonelelo of the World Wide Web

Ngoku masibone, ukuze bakwazi ukudibanisa zoku computer ngamnye based networks phezu kwabo kunye ngayo. Umgaqo ongundoqo ukusetyenziswa packet data usebenzisa yomgudu esekelwe protocol jikelele ukuze kuqondwe nawuphi na umatshini. Oko kukuthi, ulwazi ayikho ngohlobo ziikhowudi ngamnye, bytes okanye iisimboli, ize idluliselwe kwibloko efomatiweyo (ipakethe), nto leyo iquka imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo kunokuba ulandelelwano elide.

Nangona kunjalo, lo usasazo kungenzeki nokuxuba. Kule sakhiwo oluneqela kunye nezibonelelo ze-Internet benomlinganiselo ezininzi ezingundoqo:

• (Abancedisi inkqubo speed eliphezulu eqhagamshelwe omnye komnye) Line.
• bebenabahlobo abaninzi yaye iindawo zokungena enxulumene ukuya kumgca engundoqo.
• uthungelwano zeMimandla oluphezulu ngezantsi.
• ISP ukuba anikezele ngeenkonzo ufikelelo (ISP).
• abasebenzisi ekupheleni.

Ubume ulwazi kwi-Internet ngendlela yokuba iiclamps apho igcinwa khona, ngokuba iiseva, kunye lwesiko (funda okanye uthathe kwaye ithumela emva iimpendulo kunye nokungena) oomatshini - workstations. Ukutshintshelwa ulwazi olufanayo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, isekelwe imizila. Kodwa yinkqubo eso thaca kuphela lula ukuqonda umba. Enyanisweni, yonke into inzima kakhulu ngakumbi.

Izivumelwano ezinkulu

Ngoku siza ukuya kwenye neengqikelelo ezingundoqo, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga oko isakhiwo Internet. Oku Izivumelwano jikelele. Namhlanje, kukho baninzi, kodwa esingundoqo kuba Internet yi TCP / IP.

Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi yeekota ezimbini. IP protocol (Internet) yindlela umzila, oko kuphela onoxanduva ukunikezelwa iipakethi data, kodwa akukho ndlela unoxanduva ingqibelelo kunye nokhuseleko ukwaziswa. TCP protocol, phezu koko, yindlela yokubonelela uqhagamshelwano intlanganiso phakathi umthumeli umyalezo esekelwe kudibaniso ubhalo phakathi ngamanqaku amabini kunye ekuthiwa unikezelo kuqinisekisa iipakethi, kwaye ihleli ngokupheleleyo.

Namhlanje, TCP / IP i Internet eqhelekileyo de facto, nangona kukho ezinye iprotocol ezininzi, ezifana UDP (izithuthi), ICMP kunye kakhulu RIP (yasekhaya), DNS kunye ARP (bamaxwebhu idilesi network), FTP, HTTP, NNTP kunye Telnet (isicelo ), Infrastructure, GGP kunye EGP (yesango), SMTP, POP3 kunye ne NFS (yeposi neminqophiso ukunikezela iifayile kwi ezinjengeetheminali zobekelo kude), njl

I-Domain Name System

Of phawula yindlela jikelele izibonelelo. Kucacile ukuba idilesi bhala ephepha ezifana 127.11.92.785, ukuba icebo elifunekayo, ezingafanelekileyo njalo, kwaye (singasathethi khumbula zonke ezihamba). Ngenxa yoko, ngelo xesha liphuhlise inkqubo igama domain ezikhethekileyo bavunyelwe ukuba bangene idilesi ifomu, njengokuba siyibona namhlanje (in IsiNgesi).

Kodwa apha, kuba lwemigangatho zabo. Ngoko, kananjalo, kukho amanqanaba eziliqela. Umzekelo, amathambeka-kwinqanaba eliphezulu ehlabathi izibonelelo, kungakhathaliseki isazisi yelizwe (GOV - urhulumente, COM - urhwebo, EDU - leMfundo, NET - network, Mil - emkhosini, ORG - jikelele lombutho, hayi enxulumene nayiphi na ezi ntlobo zingentla) .

Oku kulandelwa amagama domain izibonelelo, nto leyo ebonisa ngokucacileyo isibonisi lizwe. Umzekelo, US - US, RU - Russia, UA - Ukraine, DE - eJamani, UK - .. Great Britain, njl Ukongeza, ezi imimandla sub-amanqanaba zabo ezifana COM.UA, ORG.DE njalo In the .. bajike, kwaye apha umntu unako ukufumana ngokucacileyo ezinxulumene kumanqanaba ezikhundla ngezantsi (KIEV.UA, KIEV.COM.UA kunye t. d.). Ngamanye amazwi, xa ujonge kwidilesi, ungenza ngokukhawuleza ukufumanisa nje kuphela lizwe kodwa ezifunda ngoweqela yecebo ngaphakathi kuyo.

Iinkonzo Internet Basic

Njengoko iinkonzo, nto leyo namhlanje zifumaneka kwi-intanethi, kwiindidi ukuba yahlulwe e-mail, iindaba kunye lokuposa fayoobmennye networks, iinkqubo zekhompyutha intlawulo, unomathotholo Internet kunye TV, iiforam web, iiblogu, sites zokuncokola, iivenkile Internet neefandesi, iiprojekthi zemfundo "uVicky", ividiyo kunye nokusingatha audio njalo njalo. d. Njengoko kutshanje social networks ezithe zabaziNtshatsheli ze-stop uthandwayo kwisakhiwo sabo.

Ubume kothungelwano Internet lwentlalo

Into eqhelekileyo kule ndawo kuyi kokuzimela iwonga okanye ngummi indawo. Umsebenzisi ngamnye kudala profile zabo (umfanekiso, kuthuthwe web, yintoni ofuna ligama), kwaye unxibelelwano ikhutshwa phandle nokudlulisela umyalezo okhawulezileyo, kodwa hayi nge chat, kwaye ukwimo zabucala. Kwengxoxo unako kuphela inkqubo izimvo kuthelekiswa. Ukongeza, nawuphi ebhalisiweyo yalo abahlali ukushiya izithuba ebizwa ngokuba yiyo, ukwabelana noluntu ezinye izinto okanye amakhonkco kwezinye iincwadi, njalo-njalo. D.

isakhiwo Internet yokuba ukubandakanywa elandelwayo ezithile, ezifana TCP / IP kunye IRC, oko konke kwenziwa kakhulu sabaqalayo. The main imeko - ubhaliso (ukudalwa lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha ukuze ungene ngemvume), kwakunye ebonisa ubuncinane minimum information engabo.

Akumangalisi ke, iisayithi kunye izingxoxo, kancinci kodwa inene, iya zisabonakala. Nkqu "lomcofi"-kanye ethandwa ezifana ICQ okanye QIP akemi naluphi na ukhuphiswano, ngokuba iiwebhsayithi zokunxibelelana features kakhulu ngakumbi.