Transition - nto ... Amazwe anoqoqosho akutshintsho: uluhlu

Uqoqosho market kunye kokuhluma yayo ehlabathini yanamhlanje - ngumba entsonkothileyo kakhulu, njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuguqula ngokupheleleyo kwaye utshintshe inkqubo yangoku iminyaka engamashumi amaninzi. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha yonke into, yenze sengqondo oluhlaziyiweyo amaziko oshishino, ukudala inkqubo-sikhokelo zomthetho. Transition - isigaba yophuhliso, uhlaziyo kunye nenguqu. Njalo Kuthatha ixesha elide, ngexesha apho inkqubo yezoqoqosho iza kuba umxube izinto imalike mihla kunye umyalelo wolawulo. Olu tshintsho kuphuhliso, kunokuba utyando lusekiwe.

main

Transition Uqoqosho - kusoloko Ukwahluka-ukungazinzi, leyo "ayinakuguqulwa" indalo. Kuba ona nje uzinzo kwinkqubo, ukuze yena ngoko ukuba ubuyele ukulungelelana nokuba buthathaka kakhulu kuyo. Economy yenguqu ayibuyiseki umva kumele ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni ezinye inkqubo, ozinzileyo kwezoqoqosho. Le xenga ibangela uphuhliso vuhlayiseki kwaye ingakumbi linamandla. Noko ke, ukukhula ukungaqiniseki, ukuxuba ezindala kunye ezintsha - kusoloko ayiphikisani. Kwinkalo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, oku kukhokelela ukulolwa ezingangqinelaniyo kunye kuphazamiseka zentlalo.

Bake njengoko bebubalaselisa isici

It is a umthetho imbali - inkalo ebalulekileyo naliphi na ilizwe akutshintsho, uluhlu apho zifumaneka ekupheleni kweli nqaku. Ngaphambili yinxalenye eSoviet Union, European Eastern, ngoku States ezizimeleyo bejamelene neengxaki ekunzima ngakumbi ukuze ngaphezu koko lwamazwe eLatin American nawe, njengokuba e-Latin America apho kwakukho kakhulu eninzi ukuphuhliswa kwamaziko orhwebo. Ngako oko, inani amashishini babucala ababalwa kumawaka, kodwa amakhulu. Ingakumbi kumazwe anoqoqosho lenguqu - iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukubonakaliswa kwayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele bonke oorhulumente kuphuhliso izicwangciso ngokutsha inkqubo yezoqoqosho.

Iimpawu eminye: inertia

Amazwe kunye kwezoqoqosho akutshintsho ezineefitsha ezininzi. Eyona yokuqala ibalulekileyo - phambili (inertia) yeenkqubo ekuzaleni ukuba ukuphelisa ukukwazi endaweni ngokukhawuleza iifom yezoqoqosho ekhoyo kwezinye kunqweneleka ngakumbi. Oku kungenxa inertia yokuzala zigcinwe ixesha elide endala ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye neefom.

nokuqina

Transition - kuhlala ixesha nzima kakhulu. Kananjalo ndoqo uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kakhulu nolunzulu lobudlelane ezintsha phakathi zifundo zemalike. Ntuthuko yendaleko ibalekisa ukuphunyezwa iinguqulelo ezininzi. Economics of Transition bagwetyelwe impumelelo nokukhawulezisa iinkqubo zabo inguqu, ukuba akunguye utshintsho aliqonde kodwa zisekelwe ngendaleko yendalo nokutshintswa inkqubo ekhoyo.

uhlobo lendawo

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho lotshintsho, ezahluke uhlobo iinkqubo kunye nobungakanani bazo. Local iphawuleka yokuba urhulumente yenguqu kungabonwa isikali kummandla omnye. Oku kusekelwe phezu iimpawu kunye uphuhliso olungalinganiyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Uqoqosho lwengingqi akutshintsho - lo ngumfuziselo umanyano jikelele kunye ezizodwa. Njengoko ukungalingani njengokuba ifomu ziphuhliswe UK, Germany kunye France.

uhlobo Global

Le eyodwa Inkqubo utshintsho ezininzi impucuko (Koloni naseMpuma) yoqoqosho yehlabathi. Ekuqaleni, le ntshukumo bawaphikise amazwe aphuhlileyo kunye uqoqosho akutshintsho. Ukuthambekela ezivelayo kule meko, kuluchaphazela kusini na uphuhliso neenkqubo esele megaekonomicheskih.

style mvelo zemvelo

Olu hlobo lunomahluko ngalunye yalo iinkqubo ezidlulayo emhlabeni wonke. Noko ke, uqoqosho utshintsho sobulali kwakhona kuyilwa phantsi kwempembelelo zazivelela zendalo. Ngokubanzi, zonke iintlobo yezoqoqosho yenguqu ilawulwa ngumthetho ngendaleko zendalo.

uhlobo mvelo-loHlaziyo

Olu hlobo kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho yentengiso - ukuhlobana kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo inguqu kunye neenkqubo ze ukuguqula umphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho lika-zazivelela ezisagcinwe ngokupheleleyo kule nkqubo. Olu hlobo lizama olukhawulezisiweyo engathandi ngokuthi kuqaliswe iinguqu kunye zinguquko. Ngokomzekelo, i-Stolypin utshintsho of tsarist Russia.

imithetho Basic bezifo

Babebona ngcembe ukulahla niguqukele kwiziqalelo yali - umyalelo uqoqosho, yileyo, sokulinganisa, ngokufihlakeleyo kwimarike, ithunzi yongxowankulu. Kwakhona vector ebalulekileyo - oku nesisekelo ubudlelwane zoqoqosho nkulu (uqoqosho mihla, ngokusekelwe emarikeni kunye nepropati yabucala). Ukuba neentlobano elihle kwezentlalo (ukubuya kazwelonke, iqela kunye nemilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe yokuziphatha kwezoqoqosho) kunye humanization jikelele - isiseko phantse nazo naziphi na iinkqubo zenguqu.

utshintsho ezingenakugwemeka

Kukho utshintsho ezintathu eziziintloko ayibuyiseki umva kwaye kwenzeka kwixesha lenguqu: ukulahleka nesimo kuphela zonke izibonelelo zoqoqosho amagunya karhulumente, ukwehla yotshintsho yile ntlekele mali. Ezi iipatheni ezi umlinganiswa ngokubanzi kakhulu ezimbi kwaye luboniswe iingxaki. Ekubeni inxalenye enkulu yale propati uba yabucala, urhulumente uphelelwa ngamandla alo bodwa yezoqoqosho kwezigqibo.

Eyona engundoqo imisebenzi ekusekweni

Transition - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokudala uhlobo entsha inkqubo, ukoyisa iintsilelo ethambisayo ukuqinisekisa ulawulo olululo zokukhula. wemeko enjalo, njengoko ukuncitshiswa imveliso, ukukhula kwamaxabiso kunye ngqesho, okubangelwa utshintsho kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba ukujonga iindlela zokusombulula le misebenzi ilandelayo:
1. Ukuzinziswa Financial kunye ngetyala koqoqosho ngokusebenzisa umgaqo wolawulo-mali.
2. Babucala kunye denationalization lwamashishini kumacandelo ahlukeneyo imveliso kunye nophuhliso ukhuphiswano kunye noshishino.
3 De-lokubanga - ukuba kuyimfuneko ebaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwakhiwe ukhuphiswano emarikeni. Uphuhliso kwenkqubo nezithintelo yokudityaniswa, udendo of bodwa ezikhoyo.

lokukhululwa

Kwaphuhliswa amazwe kunye kwezoqoqosho akutshintsho, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe yinkululeko kwamaxabiso, nto leyo ukuba ubonelelo elungeleleneyo kunye nemfuneko, ukuze kupheliswe intsilelo nokudala iimeko ukhuphiswano. Kukho iindlela ezimbini kwezi nguqulelo:
1. ngcembe, ukuba yenzelwe ixesha elide, imigaqo.
2. ezigqibeleleyo, oko kukuthi, ezinkulu akhasayo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokukhawulezileyo iinguqulelo ezintsha, ibizwa ngokuba "therapy kukothuka".
Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha unonophelo kwezibonelelo lemarike njengoko inkqubo amaziko yezoqoqosho, ukudala ukhuseleko ukuncokola kakhulu.

Iimpawu utshintsho lwesakhiwo kwezoqoqosho

amalungelo Property ingundoqo kuphuhliso loqoqosho ezamahala emarikeni, oko ngokukodwa kuqoqosho yenguqu. Kuphela umnini uyakwazi ngokuzimeleyo ukwenza izigqibo eziyimfuneko kwakunye nokubeka esweni iziphumo. Oosomashishini bazama ukwandisa kwipropati, njengoko inika uluhlu olubanzi ukhetho kwiindawo zoshishino kunye namaxabiso, ochaphazela ingeniso. Transition - isakhiwo ezichazwe yonxulumano:
- zokunqika eziphambili nempembelelo ezandleni zabelo enkulu enamandla ophezulu eyinkunzi imali;
- ilandelwa ngu iifama ezininzi amancinci naphakathi kubunini yabucala okanye inkampani;
- indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa impahla kamasipala kunye karhulumente.

Amazwe uhlobo yenguqu kuqoqosho

Kula mazwe zenzeka lonke utshintsho ngasentla kunye notshintsho. Amazwe uhlobo yenguqu uqoqosho eMpuma Yurophu - ikakhulu babesakuba ngamalungu eSoviet Union. Ezi ziquka: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Kwakhona e Central Yurophu kukho amazwe kunye nohlobo lotshintsho, abathe bona baba ngamalungu yobusoshiyali: Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, iMontenegro, iCroatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Slovenia. Kubomi bezopolitiko kula mazwe kudlala indima abangaphantsi. Amanye amazwe wajoyina i-European Union, abanye bade babe ngamalungu NATO. Amazwe kunye kwezoqoqosho akutshintsho, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ngelo xesha uninzi lwazo kwi pre-crisis karhulumente. Ekupheleni koo-yokuqala, ukuba aqalise le kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho emarikeni esuka embindini ezicwangcisiweyo. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwezi nguqulelo zaqaliswa ePoland, ngokucothayo e Hungary, i-Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia, kancinane - e Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria kunye Belarus.