Telescope - ithuba ukuze akhangele Yonke

Asinto kunzima ukuthelekelela ukuba kweteleskopu - oku isixhobo nako iyilelwe esweni imizimba yasezulwini. Eneneni, umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuba ukuqokelela ezintweni radiation magnetic yenjongosenzi ekude ayidlulisele ingqalelo, apho umfanekiso omkhulu ukhandwa okanye uphawu ziyanyuswa iyaveliswa. Namhlanje, kukho iqela ngeeteleskopu ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka ekhaya, leyo bonke abantu ukuya phezulu-ngqo, ezifana, ngokomzekelo, njengoko "Hubble", nako ukujonga kwizigidi zezigidi yokukhanya-seminyaka nzulu iphela ...

A incinane

Kukholelwa ukuba okokuqala ngo-1609 iteleskopu lens-ezimbini kusungulwe UGalileo Galilei. Noko ke, akunjalo. Kunyaka ongaphambili, lo umDatshi Iogann Lippersgey wayefuna Patent isixhobo sakhe eyenziwa lens lifakwa tube, yena wamnika igama "iteleskopu", kodwa wala ngenxa elula loyilo.

Eku sunguleni, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI, lo ngeenkwenkwezi Thomas Digges wazama ukubukela iinkwenkwezi ngokusebenzisa nezipili phakathi light. Noko ke, loo nto ayiyi kwaziswa lafikelela esiphelweni esisengqiqweni. UGalileo naye nje kwenzeka ukuba "ngexesha elifanelekileyo endaweni ekunene": Ukubona Lippersgeyya esibhakabhakeni, Wasisusa yimingxuma kwaye iintaba kumphezulu iNyanga kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezinomdla. Kungenxa yoko kucingwa ukuba ngeenkwenkwezi yokuqala owasebenzisa kweteleskopu. Oku zavelisa kwixesha ngeeteleskopu refracting.

Types of kwezixhobo optical

izibona Optical nohlulwe iintlobo ekunokuthi kusekelwe phezu engundoqo uhlobo element ukuqokelela ukukhanya esipilini, lens isipili-lens (combo) izixhobo. Nganye kwezi ntlobo zinezibonelelo zayo kunye neengxaki, ngoko xa ukhetha inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuneka athathe ingqalelo izinto ezininzi, iimeko kunye nenjongo lokuqaphela, apho iimfuno isithuba, ubunzima obukhulu, ixabiso njalo njalo. Vumela iinkcukacha kakhulu ukuqonda ukuba iteleskopu enjalo, yaye ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili zezona zinto zithandwa kweentlobo yayo. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngathi telescope?

lens refractor

Ezi iiteleskopu asetyenziswa isilinganiselo lens, yona ngenxa esime yayo eziqokelelweyo ukukhanya. Kanye njengokuba kwezinye izixhobo ezisebenzisa (iikhamera, iimikroskopu, njl ...), Zonke lens Abizelwa kwiphakati single - lens.

Okwangoku izibona eliyinjubaqa ikakhulu ezisetyenziswa amateurs, njengoko ngokubona ebalwa ukuvala kuphela iiplanethi kunye neNyanga.

izinto eziluncedo:

• zokwakha kakhulu elula, ukuthembeka kunye usebenziso olulula.
• Kufuneka akukho ukugcinwa okhethekileyo.
• Akhona eXcellent umbala nokuzala yokusebenza apochromatic kwaye okulungileyo achromatic.
• Perfect ukuze ahlolwe leenkwenkwezi kabini, izijikelezi, iNyanga, ingakumbi apertures enkulu.
• Ukuzinziswa Fast thermal.
• Ilens ayidingi hlengahlengiso, ekubeni umvelisi hlengiswe apha nkqu ngexesha imveliso.

nobubi:

• Ethelekiswa katadioptrikami kunye reflectors babe iindleko eziphezulu lens sangqa le yunithi.
• Practical enobubanzi enkulu umngxuma limited senani kunye bulkiness.
• Ngenxa kwizithintelo umngxuma badla refractors ngaphantsi efanelekileyo ngokujonga ezikude, izinto norhatyazo.

Mirror yerediyo ezibonisa

yerediyo reflex - isixhobo enombala, okwenza umsebenzi ukukhanya-lokuvuna lens esipilini. Isipili eziziintloko kuba omncinci (ungqukuva) okanye enkulu (ezizekelisayo).

izinto eziluncedo:

• Ethelekiswa katadioptrikami kunye refractors wenyoka sangqa weyunithi iindleko usezantsi.
• Compact lula kwezothutho.
• Ngenxa imbobo enkulu kakhulu, yinto enkulu esebenza kokuma izinto ezikude kwaye ediniwe ezisebenzisanayo inkwenkwezi, amafu, iminyele.
• Akukho aberration chromatic. Images igqamile, kunye uhlaba eliphantsi

nobubi:

• Ekuhambeni kwexesha ubushushu-setting iyafuneka ngenxa iglasi esibuko enkulu.
• Umfanekiso wazo kancinane ngenxa umbhobho evulekileyo, ngokungakhuselekanga ukusuka nomoya olufudumeleyo kunye nothuli.
• Ngamaxesha athile efunekayo yezibuko ulungelelwaniso, leyo ngexesha lokusebenza okanye ukuthutha na kulahleka.

Mirror-lens, okanye catadioptric

Catadioptric Array - isixhobo enombala uphose apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo umfanekiso ubugqwetha ngenxa yokusetyenziswa yezibuko kuzo kunye lenses okulungisa. Ngenxa yokuba ukukhanya iboniswa ngaphakathi ityhubhu izihlandlo ezininzi, ukuba ingaba elide. Ezinye iimodeli bakwazi ukufaka umfanekiso. Ukuba kusetyenziswa le catadioptric Array njongo, iifoto Tyhila kwagqama okulungileyo.

izinto eziluncedo:

• Ukulungiswa aberrations ekwinqanaba eliphezulu.
• Perfect lokubhiyozela zombini izinto kufutshane ezifana njengenyanga, kwaye izinto kwisithuba enzulu.
• tube ezivaliweyo kakhulu likhusela evela ukudlula komoya ezifudumeleyo uthuli kunye.
• Xa kuthelekiswa reflectors kunye refractors kwi imbobo ngokulinganayo igcinwe compactness eliphezulu.
• Xa kuthelekiswa iindleko refractor beso enkulu angaphantsi kakhulu.

nobubi:

• Ukuzinziswa kakhulu elide thermal.
• elingana nexabiso imbobo enkulu ngaphezu koko kwezi reflectors.
• Self-ulungelelwaniso kunzima kwakungenxa yobumbaxa loyilo.

yerediyo space Modern

Yiza indlela elide (ukuqalela teleskopu kwenkulungwane XVII kunye nesiphelo iingxilimbela isithuba automatic), teleskopu uvule amathuba enkulu ukufunda isibhakabhaka ebusuku. Kodwa ke zininzi izinto ezithintela nabani na, nkqu ngezibonakude ezininzi ezinamandla esekelwe emhlabeni-lokwenza uphando. Ezi unokuquka yokukhanyisa sophazamiseko, kunye namafu kakhulu banal. Orbital station space kulo mba unokuzuza elikhulu, ngenxa yokuba ukusebenza imini nobusuku kuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu, wayithumela imifanekiso ngaphandle uhlaba komoya. Esinye sezi zikhululo - "Hubble" Space Telescope. Izithombe ezithathiweyo ngokukhanya kwakhe, zibonisa ngokugqibeleleyo izinto zikude kwi yonke, amawaka ezigidi kwiikhilomitha ezikude, ukuvumela ngeenkwenkwezi ukufumanisa iinkwenkwezi ezintsha, langa ziwe.