Synapse - oku ... Yakha synapse. Luvo, synapse kwimisipha yemichiza

Synapse - echaziwe indawo zoqhagamshelwano kweentyatyambo iiseli zemithambo kunye eseleyo iiseli non-abawonwabeleyo yaye abawonwabeleyo ezibonelela ukosuleleka umqondiso ulwazi. Synapse morphologically kwakhiwa ngokuqhagamshelana imifinya iiseli-2. Le inwebu ihlobene ezihlobene iiseli zemithambo, ngokuba inwebu presynaptic yeseli, nto leyo wamkela umqondiso, owesibini igama layo - postsynaptic. Kunye ukuba inwebu postsynaptic inokuba interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular kunye neurosecretory. Ilizwi le synapse yaqaliswa ngo-1897 yi-Charles Sherrington (Eng. Komzimba).

Yintoni synapse?

Synapse - isakhiwo ezizodwa esibonelela ukudluliselwa Imicu zemithambo-luvo ngokwentshukumisa kwenye nemithambo ifayibha okanye luvo yeseli, nokuba kukho nefuthe ifayibha luvo kwiseli receptor (indawo zoqhagamshelwano kunye nezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo kunye nezinye luvo), ifuna iiseli ezimbini luvo .

Synapse - i-ofisi encinane ekupheleni neuron. Ngoncedo wayo ukudluliselwa kolwazi ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya neuron yesibini. Synapse sinezigaba ezintathu iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Kwakhona leesynapse zinto indawo apho iseli luvo engena ngokunxulumene amadlala ezahlukeneyo okanye izihlunu zomzimba.

Yintoni na le synapse

Ubume synapse unalo esekethe. Oku zakha amaqhosha-3, iyileyo imisebenzi ethile yenziwa ngexesha zodluliselo lwedata. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo ezo ngokuba synapse efanelekileyo ukugqithisa luvo uyibona. Ngqo kwinkqubo transfer lolwazi kuchaphazela iiseli ezimbini eziphambili: baqonde futhi ekudluliseleni. ezinjengeetheminali presynaptic luthumela ekupheleni iiseli Umzobo wesi (inxalenye yokuqala synapse). Oku kungachaphazela iseli ukuqalisa neurotransmitters (eli gama iintsingiselo ezininzi: mediators mediators okanye neurotransmitters) - ezithile imichiza, apho phakathi luvo 2 yaphunyezwa ukutshintshwa uphawu zombane.

emqhokrweni zobuchopho yile ndawo iphakathi leesynapse - yinto bexesha phakathi 2 ngayo iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Ngesi sithuba kwaye ongena iiseli ngokuthumela i ukubetha sombane. Inxalenye yokugqibela ye synapse luthathwa bayalalela esiseleni, nto leyo ekupheleni postsynaptic (Isiqwenga ukuqhagamshelana iiseli kunye nezamkeli ezibuthathaka ezahlukeneyo kubume).

abaxazululi synapse

Le mbambano (ukusuka kwisiLatini Media - samaza, umlamli okanye phakathi). ngabalamli ezinjalo synapse kubaluleke kakhulu ukosuleleka ngokwentshukumisa luvo.

umahluko Morphological leesynapse inhibitory kwaye excitatory kukuba abanayo indlela kokukhutshwa neurotransmitter. Le mbambano kwi leesynapse inhibitory, kunye nezinye neuron motor leesynapse inhibitory kugqalwa i glycine acid acid. Kodwa ke Wayaphula okanye uhlobo ebangel 'umdla synapse ayimiselwanga ngabalamli zabo, kwaye yipropathi ndizayo postsynaptic. Umzekelo, acetylcholine unika isiphumo ekhuthazayo kwi iiterminal synapse neuromuscular (luvo vagus kwi myocardium).

Acetylcholine ke neurotransmitter kwi neurotransmission cholinergic excitatory (inwebu presynaptic idlalwa ekupheleni spinal intambo motor neuron), kwi synapse kwiiseli Renshaw kwi-terminal presynaptic, namadlala umbilo, nadpochenikov Medulla ethunjini kunye synapse kwi ganglia kwenkqubo novelwano luvo. Atsetilholi-nesterazu kunye acetylcholine nazo ezifumanekayo iqhezu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ebuchotsheni, maxa wambi kumanani amakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle synapse cholinergic kwiiseli Renshaw iye ningekabi nakomelela ukuchonga aseleyo leesynapse cholinergic. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, umsebenzi umlamli acetylcholine umdla kwinkqubo luvo kungenzeka kakhulu.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine kunye epinephrine) ezicingelwa mediators adrenergic. Epinephrine kunye norepinephrine ukuba kuhlelwe kwi ekugqityweni luvo onovelwano esiseleni adrenal ingqondo, ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. acid (tyrosine kunye L-phenylalanine) nomongo ukuqala kanye Yindibanisela adrenaline imveliso yokugqibela. into esiPhakathi, oko kuquka norepinephrine kunye dopamine, kananjalo enze umsebenzi neurotransmitters kwi synapse, sidalwe iziphelo kwimithambo- novelwano. Lo msebenzi zingaba kusisithintelo (nobubovu wamathumbu secretory, sphincters eziliqela kunye izihlunu inyumoniya agudileyo, kunye emathunjini) okanye excitatory (sphincters kwezihlunu gingxi kunye nempahla ethile yegazi, synapse engabalulekanga - norepinephrine, in ebuchotsheni nuclei podkrovnyh - dopamine).

Xa ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wabo neurotransmitters synapse, catecholamine wendele yi presynaptic luvo isiphelo, kwaye zothutho transmembrane ifakiwe. Ngexesha ngabalamli ukufakwa leesynapse akhuselwe ukusuka luya mveku phezu ukusebenza elide kunye egudileyo.

Synapse: Iintlobo ezisisiseko kunye nemisebenzi

Langley ngo-1892, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ukudluliselwa zobuchopho kwi ganglia yawo ezincancisayo asinto zohlobo zombane, kunye imichiza. Emva kweminyaka eli-10, Elliott kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba iadrenaline evela adrenal ifunyenwe imiphumela iyafana ukukhuthazwa luvo novelwano.

Emva koko wacinga ukuba Iadrenaline ekwaziyo secreted yi luvo phezu excitation kwaye ekhutshwa nesiphelo-luvo. Kodwa ngowe-1921, noLevi wenza ngamava, nto leyo iye yaseka uhlobo ugqithiso kwemichiza kwi leesynapse phakathi ngentliziyo kwezityalo kunye luvo vagus. Wafaka iimpahla isele intliziyo saline kwaye zafaka luvo vagus, ukudala uVuyo kade. Xa ulwelo idluliselwa ukusuka yashukunyiswa ezi Webhsayithi kwentliziyo nestimulirovanoe intliziyo ibetha kancinane. Ngokucacileyo, ukukhuthazwa luvo vagus kwabangela ukukhululwa imenza arhente isisombululo. Acetylcholine ande ngokupheleleyo imiphumo yale nto. Ngowe-1930, indima acetylcholine ekudluliseni zobuchopho kwi ganglia kwenkqubo yawo nervous ngokusisigxina efakiweyo Feldberg kunye nabasebenzi bakhe.

chemical synapse

Le synapse imichiza luphawu ezahlukeneyo kwinwebu ukudluliselwa ngoncedo umlamli kunye presinapsa kwi postsinaps. Ngoko ke, umahluko kwi morphology le synapse kwemichiza. Le synapse imichiza ixhaphake kakhulu ezinomqolo CNS. Ngoku kwakusazeka ukuba neuron uyakwazi ikheswa nokulungelelanisa iperi mediators (mediators ababona). Luvo Kwakhona neurotransmitter plasticity - ukukwazi ukutshintsha ngumxolelanisi enkulu ngexesha kuphuhliso.

synapse Neuromuscular

Le synapse adlulisele excitation, kodwa ulwalamano lwaphula phantsi ezahlukahlukeneyo izinto. Ukutshintshelwa iphela ngexesha ejection le yaye kuvalwe kwi acetylcholine zobuchopho zicandeke izihlambo, nayo ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwakhe ezingaphezu kwindawo ndizayo postsynaptic. A ezininzi iityhefu kunye neziyobisi kuchaphazela capture, imveliso leyo inxulumene acetylcholine receptors le inwebu postsynaptic, kanti iibhloko kwezihlunu synapse ukosulelwa excitation. Le ephilayo uyafa ngexesha ukutsarhwa kwaye uyeke yomgudu.

Izinto ezibolileyo - yoluvo ngeentsholongwane kwi synapse, oko iibhloko ukudluliselwa excitation, njengokuba izitya kungena presynaptic terminal protein syntaxin, kunye isivuno kwi acetylcholine zobuchopho emqhokrweni wengxondorha. combat amaninzi izinto eziyityhefu arhente enye pharmacologic (neostigmine methylsulfate kunye neostigmine), kwakunye izinambuzane ukuvimba Uhanjiso of excitation kwi synapse neuromuscular usebenzisa okunqanda acetylcholinesterase - enzayimi utsho acetylcholine. Ngoko ke, kukho zemali acetylcholine kwindawo inwebu zobuchopho kunciphisa uvakalelo le mbambano, yenziwe inwebu postsynaptic, ukutshona kwiyunithi receptor cytosol. Acetylcholine na kuphumelele, kwaye synapse iyabhlokwa.

Synapse luvo: iimpawu kunye namacandelo

Synapse - indawo uqhagamshelwano uqhagamshelwano phakathi ezimbini iiseli. Yaye ngamnye kubo ilele inwebu yayo electrogenic. synapse luvo iqulathe amacandelo amathathu aphambili: i inwebu postsynaptic, zicandeke izihlambo zobuchopho kunye ndizayo presynaptic. inwebu Postsynaptic - nesiphelo luvo, zona zikhoyo kwi esihlunwini kwaye bewuhlisele ibe kwezihlunu kwezihlunu. Kule ndawo ye vesicles presynaptic ngayo - umngxuma evaliweyo kukho unozakuzaku. Basoloko ihamba.

Ekusondeleni inwebu of kwalapho, vesicles bahlanganisane kunye kuyo, kwaye loo mbambano iwela emqhokrweni zobuchopho. Kwenye neurotransmitter vesicle quantum iqulethe mitochondria kwaye (ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba Yindibanisela neurotransmitter - umthombo wamandla), acetylcholine olungolunye kuhlanganiswa ukusuka choline yaye phantsi kwempembelelo enzyme atsetilholintransferrazy hlulwa libe atsetilSoA).

emqhokrweni zobuchopho phakathi inwebu post and presynaptic

Ngobukhulu ezahlukeneyo leesynapse le gap lohlukile. Esi sithuba izele ulwelo Embi, apho kukho unozakuzaku. inwebu Postsynaptic ihlanganisa indawo zoqhagamshelwano kunye nemithambo isiphelo esiseleni mionevralnom synapse innervated. Xa leesynapse athile kwi inwebu postsynaptic kudala goca indawo contact kwalo.

izinto ezongezelelweyo eziyakubandakanywa kwi-ndizayo postsynaptic

Kule ndawo ye inwebu postsynaptic iqulethe izithako zilandelayo:

- receptor (acetylcholine receptor in mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (has ukufana aphakamileyo acetylcholine). Le iproteni Ukuphela langoku electrophilic nentloko ion. Head Asikokungena zicandwe zobuchopho, kukho intsebenziswano kunye intloko cationic of acetylcholine. Ngenxa yale intsebenziswano utshintsho kwi inwebu depolarization postsynaptic ngoko kwenzeka, yaye ziyachazwa ezinokuba uxhomekeke Na-channels. Depolarization le inwebu akujongwa njengenkqubo self-nokuqinisa;

- Gradualen amandla alo phezu inwebu postsynaptic ixhomekeke kwinani yabalamli, ukuthi amagama isakhono impahla excitations zasekuhlaleni.

- Cholinesterase - kuthathwa ukuba iproteni eba umsebenzi enzymatic. Ngokutsho isakhiwo uyafana choline receptor kwaye iipropati ezifana ne acetylcholine. Cholinesterase iyonakala acetylcholine, omnye yokuqala lu dityanisiwe nezamkeli cholinergic. Phantsi yesenzo receptor acetylcholine kususa acetylcholine esterase wambumba repolarization le ndizayo postsynaptic. Acetylcholine lwanamathela choline kunye acetic acid eziyimfuneko imisipha inyama trophism.

Ekubeni izithuthi esebenzayo siboniswe inwebu choline presynaptic, lisetyenziswa ukuze nokulungelelanisa a neurotransmitter entsha. Phantsi yempembelelo tshintsho neurotransmitter kwi permeability le inwebu postsynaptic, kwaye uvakalelo cholinesterase kunye permeability ubuyela ixabiso lokuqala. Chemoreceptors bayakwazi ukuba basebenzisane abalamli ezintsha.