Silver Age isihobe: iimbongi, imibongo, imiyalelo esisiseko kunye neempawu

Endaweni kwinkulungwane XIX, elisuke laba ithuba wokunyuka akhethekileyo inkcubeko yesizwe impumelelo enkulu kuzo zonke kwiinkalo zobugcisa, kuza ezintsonkothileyo, ezele iziganeko ezimangalisayo neengongoma sijike lwekhulu XX. Iminyaka yobudala golden wobomi ekuhlaleni kunye nezobugcisa indawo yayo yathathwa yi ekuthiwa zesilivere, wazala luphuhliso olukhawulezayo iincwadi Russian, imibongo kunye iprozi kwi imisinga ezintsha eqaqambileyo, waza kamva waba kwindawo yokuqala sokuwa kwakhe. Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela le kwisihobe iSilver Age, cinga iimpawu ezahlukileyo, kuya kuthetha indlela engundoqo, efana imiqondiso, futurism kunye Acmeism, nganye eneyazo kukho umculo okhethekileyo le vesi uvakale amazwi iimvakalelo kunye iimvakalelo hero lyrical.

Silver Age umbongo. ixesha ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko Russian kunye nobugcisa

Kukholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni iSilver Age of iincwadi Russian kubalelwa iminyaka 80-90. ngekhulu XIX. Ngeli xesha, kukho imisebenzi neembongi ezininzi: V. Bryusov, K. Ryleeva, K. Balmont, I. Ann - nababhali L. N. Tolstogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, Saltykov-Shchedrin. Eli lizwe uya wayengenamali. Ebudeni bolawulo Alexander I, ekuqaleni kukho evutha ngumoya wokuthand ngexesha lemfazwe ngo-1812 eyomeleleyo, yaye emva koko, ngenxa utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwi-nkqubo ngaphambili melo yokumkani, uluntu lifumana kukho ukudideka kabuhlungu kunye nelahleko enkulu yokuziphatha. imibongo Its abenzi bemilingo ye-Silver Age ukuya meko 1915 ubomi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko iphawulwa ingxaki enzulu, anzima, abilayo umoya. Ukukhulisa uqhankqalazo ubunzima, politicization wobomi yaye kwangaxeshanye ekomelezeni ingubani. Inkampani lenza iinzame ezikhathazayo ukufumana izimvo ezintsha amandla kunye nenkqubo loluntu. Yaye iimbongi ababhali ndizigcinile isantya namaxesha, nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nomnikelo izimvo ngqindilili. ubuntu Human uqala ukuba waqonda njenge umanyano iziqalo ezininzi: zendalo nezentlalo, eziphilayo neyokuziphatha. NgoFebruwari, i-Oktobha Revolution kunye War Civil of iSilver Age izibongo ntlekele. It Blok "Kwi Imbongi" (11 Februwari 1921), wayinikela kubo kwiNdlu Writers kwintlanganiso kumsitho 84 isikhumbuzo kokufa Pushkin, uba Isingqi lokugqibela Silver Age.

uncwadi uphawu XIX - kwiinkulungwane okuqala XX.

Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu kwisihobe iSilver Age. Okokuqala, omnye iimpawu eziphambili kwiincwadi xesha umdla omkhulu kwi imixholo olungunaphakade; ke ukufuna intsingiselo yobomi bomntu nakuluntu luphela, iqhina lomlinganiswa wesizwe, imbali yelizwe, ukungenela yehlabathi kwaye nangokomoya, impefumlelwano umntu nendalo. Izalathiso ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Kuya kusiba bulumko ngakumbi: ababhali zityhila umxholo imfazwe, imvukelo, yesintu zobuqu elahlekelwe ngenxa iimeko uxolo nemvisiswano ngaphakathi. Xa imisebenzi ababhali kunye iimbongi azalwe ngumlinganiswa entsha, ngqindilili, engaqhelekanga, womelele kwaye idla akucingeleki, nzima ukoyisa bonke ubunzima kunye okuye. Uninzi ingqalelo yomsebenzi ihlawulwa njani isifundo ngokusebenzisa bemilo ingqondo yakhe Uyabubona iziganeko ezibuhlungu kwezentlalo. Okwesibini, ingakumbi imibongo iprozi yaba uphendlo olunzulu iintlobo zobugcisa yoqobo kunye nendlela yokubonisa iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo. ifomu ivesi nemvano- wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. iindlela ezintsha Ababhali abaninzi sazilahla itekisi unikezelo bamandulo ceba, ezifana noVladimir Mayakovsky wadala "leri. 'yakhe edumileyo Amaxesha amaninzi nababhali ukuphumeza nempembelelo ekhethekileyo kusetyenziswa intetho kunye nolwimi ezingaqhelekanga, uqhekeko, kwaye nkqu alogisms wavumela iimpazamo zopelo.

Okwesithathu, iSilver Age neembongi imibongo Russian sifunisela ngokukhululekileyo amathuba zobugcisa yokuthetha. Kwiinzame ukuvakalisa isakhiwo, zidla ngokuphikisana, "simbi" bekudla, ababhali baye igama elitsha libhekisa kumadoda amakhulu nemibongo yakhe adlulisela ezingaqondakali intsingiselo. Standard template ocacisa ecacileyo Injongo zinto: uthando, ububi, usapho Amaxabiso, ukuziphatha - kuye kwaba esikhundleni abstract kwengqondo iinkcazelo. iingqiqo ngqo wanika indlela eya amacebo innuendo. Loo # Xa, fluidity amaxabiso ngomlomo azuzwe izikweko aqaqambe, adla esekelwe intsimbi ngokucacileyo ukufana izinto okanye ngendalo, kunye neempawu nonobvious.

Okwesine, luphawulwa iindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo na imibongo ombambazelayo ye-Silver Age. Imibongo ezibhalwe ngababhali abaninzi zadalwa besebenzisa imifanekiso, ngeentyatya- kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye ucaphulo lokukwekwa kwimiphumela. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi magcisa ifakiwe amazwi indalo zabo izicaphulo isiGrike, waseRoma yaye kamva iintsomi Slavic kunye namabali. Xa imisebenzi J Ann, Marina Tsvetaeva kunye V.Bryusov neentsomi kusetyenziselwa ukwakha imifuziselo jikelele zengqondo ukuqonda lomntu, ingakumbi, icandelo yayo yokomoya. imbongi ngalinye Silver Age of ngamnye olukhazimlisiweyo. Kulula ukuyiqonda nguwuphi na kubo bangamalungu eli okanye loo vesi. Kodwa bazama ukwenza umsebenzi wabo abonakale ngakumbi yaye uphilile, izele imibala, ukuze nawuphi na umfundi va onke amazwi kunye line.

Eyona engundoqo iziyalezo kwisihobe iSilver Age. imifuziselo

Ababhali kunye iimbongi, ukuba ukuchasa ngokwayo ukuba ngokoqobo, babhengeza nokudalwa, taka amatsha - kwimpucuko. Kukho ezintathu ezingundoqo iintshukumo zoncwadi ze iSilver Age izibongo: imiqondiso, Acmeism, futurism. Ngamnye kubo likhanya ngamandla alo ezithile. Umqondiso ekuqaleni kwavela eFransi wokumelana umboniso ubunyani ngemihla kunye ukungoneliseki yamaphephandaba kunye nobomi. Iminyanya kule ndawo, kuquka J. Morsas wayekholelwa ukuba kuphela ngokusebenzisa uthsuphe wokuba okhethekileyo - uphawu, unako ukufunda iimfihlelo iphela. ERashiya, okuzekeliswayo wabonakala kwi 1890s ekuqaleni. Ngunozala kulo mbutho yaba DS Merezhkovsky, ngubani yaxela postulates ezisisiseko yakhe ethi ezintathu zobugcisa omtsha: ". Ukwanda enengqondo zobugcisa" imiqondiso, isiqulatho eyimfihlakalo kunye

Symbolists abadala nabaselula

I Symbolists yokuqala, kamva ogama abakhulu, waqala V. Ya. Bryusov, KD Balmont, FK Sologub, Z. N. Gippius, N. M. Minsky kunye nabanye. Iimbongi. Umsebenzi wabo zihlale yi wayekhanyela elibukhali leyinene. Babevakalisa ubomi benene njengendinisa, emabi kunye abanyabileyo nezityhakala, ezama ukudlulisela bokuqonda ezininzi ezifihlakeleyo iimvakalelo zabo.

Ithuba ukususela 1901 ukuya 1904. Oku kuphawula isiqalo isiganeko esitsha yemibongo Russian. izibongo Symbolist buzane nomoya wotshitsho kunye ivuso izinto ezizayo. Abancinci Symbolists: Blok, V. ivanov, A. White - khange aphike ihlabathi, elinde ngenxa yeenguqu yakhe osisigxina, ekhwaza esithi ubuhle kaThixo, uthando kunye ubufazi ukuba uqinisekile ukuba utshintshe ndlela leyinene. Ke imbonakalo oliliso zoncwadi of Symbolists omncinci kwiincwadi iquka ingqikelelo umlinganiswa. Iimbongi ukuqonda kuyo igama ezininzi ebonisa ihlabathi, "izulu", eli kokomoya ngexesha elinye, "bubukumkani emhlabeni."

Umfanekiso kule minyaka revolution

Russian Silver Age isihobe 1905-1907. ukutshintsha. Uninzi Symbolists, ugxininise iziganeko zentlalo kwezopolitiko, ukuhlaziya izimvo zabo ihlabathi kunye nobuhle ndawo kweli lizwe. Le yokugqibela ngoku bendiqonda chaos ukulwa. Iimbongi ukudala imifanekiso kwihlabathi elitsha, okutshabalalayo endaweni abalahlekileyo. . V. Ya Bryusov kudala umbongo "Ukuza Huns", Alexander Blok - "Barca ubomi," "liphuma ukusuka ebumnyameni izisele ..." kunye nabanye.

Utshintsho neesimboli. Ngoku alibhekiseli kwilifa amandulo, kunye intsomi Russian kunye iintsomi Slavic. Emva revolution, kukho iCandelo Symbolists, enqwenela ukuba kulondolozwe ubugcisa eziqalelo inguqu kunye, phezu koko, ngenkuthalo unomdla kumzabalazo loluntu. Emva ukusebenzisa ngokwabo 1907 ubambene Symbolists, ngokubuyisela kuza ngokulinganisa vutshila elidlulileyo. A 1910 umqondiso Russian busezingxakini, ukubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuphikisana yayo yangaphakathi.

Acmeism kwisihobe Russian

Ngowe-1911, N. S. Gumilev cwangcisa iqela zoncwadi - "Thenga neembongi." Kwakugcwele neembongi S. Gorodetsky, Osip Hope, ivanov kunye G. Adamovich. Le ndlela intsha akabalahlanga ubunyani ajikelezileyo samkele ubunyani njengoko, ukulondoloza ixabiso layo. "Iimbongi Workshop" sipapasha kwijenali yayo "Hyperborean", kwakunye yoshicilelo isebenza kwi "Apollo". Acmeism, waqala njengesikolo uncwadi ukufumana indlela yokuphuma intlekele ekuyo i-imiqondiso, simanyene ukufaka yembono bezobugcisa iimbongi ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.

Omnye wababhali-Acmeists kakhulu yodumo Anna Akhmatova. imisebenzi yayo okroqiweyo namava uthando ube isivumo utyiwa iinkanuko umphefumlo ababhinqileyo.

Iimpawu Futurism Russian

Silver Age of Russian Poetry yabangela kwenye indawo umdla ebizwa ngokuba "Futurism" (ukusuka kwisiLatini. Futurum, oko kukuthi, "ikamva"). Ukufunwa ukuba amacandelo obugcisa emitsha imisebenzi abazalwana H. noDavid Burliuk, N. S. Goncharovoy, N. Kulbin MV Matyushina abe yimfuneko ukuba kuzalwe oku eRashiya. Ngowe-1910 Kwathi kuloo print ingqokelela lwekamva "uZadoki abagwebi", apho yaqokelelwa imisebenzi kwiimbongi ebalaseleyo njengoko V. Kamensky, V. Khlebnikov, bazalwana Burliuk, E. Guro. Ezi ababhali aye wabumba undoqo ekuthiwa-Cubo-Futurists. Kamva ke kwangena Vladimir Mayakovsky. NgoDisemba 1912 weza Almanac - "ngempama Ukungcamla Public". cubofuturists Indima "Buch Lesin," "Abafileyo Moon", "Ekubeni Parnassus", "gag" waba isifundo iingxoxo ezininzi. Ekuqaleni, baba baqonda njengendlela lokuza imikhwa umfundi wakhe, kodwa ngenyameko kufutshane ibhaqwe umnqweno onzulu ukubonisa umbono omtsha yehlabathi kunye nokubandakanywa okhethekileyo lwentlalo. Anti-nezamkelekileyo similise uyalahlwa egabadeleyo, ubuhle fake, amabinzana ukrwada similise ilizwi isihlwele.

Ego-Futurists

Kubofuturizma koko, kwakusekho iindlela eziliqela, kuquka egofuturizm headed I. Severianin. It wancediswa ziimbongi ezifana V. I. Gnezdov, I. V. Ignatev, K. Olympia, njl Zidalwa indlu epapasha "Petersburg Herald", wavelisa iimagazini kunye anthologies kunye namagama original: ". Nebokopy", "Eagles phezu kwengxondorha lwaya" "Ukudityaniswa sugar" njalo njalo. d. imibongo eyahlukileyo ezinkulu yaye ngokufuthi zenziwa ngabantu eyilwe ngabo ngamazwi. Ngaphandle Ego-Futurists, savula amanye amaqela amabini: "icentrifuge" (B. L. Pasternak, N. N. Aseev, S. P. Bobrov) kunye "Mezzanine yemibongo" (R. Ivnev, SM Tretyakov, VG Sherenevich).

endaweni yesiphelo

Silver Age of Russian Poetry yaba siphila ixesha elifutshane, kodwa ndondlelwe kunye kumnyele aqaqambe neembongi abanetalente. Uninzi lwezi iibhayografi waba buhlungu, kuba ukuthanda isiphelo kwakufuneka baphile baze basebenze kwindawo sibi enjalo lizwe, ixesha kakhulu mbuso kunye neminyaka post-olululo isiphithiphithi, imfazwe yamakhaya, unxunguphalo kunye nokuzalwa. Uninzi neembongi baye bafa emva eqalile iziganeko (Khlebnikov, A. Block), abaninzi bafudukela (K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, IA Nowasemntla, Marina Tsvetaeva), abanye bathatha yakhe ebomini bakho, badutyulwa okanye ndaphelayo Stalin kaThixo kwiinkampu. Noko ke, bakwazi ukwenza igalelo elikhulu kwinkcubeko Russian nokuqhamisa kunye novakalelo kakhulu, inemibala, imisebenzi yokuqala.