Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod: iifoto kunye neempawu izakhiwo

Phakathi amangcwaba Russia Ancient ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo indlu leyo yakhiwa Novgorod ngenkulungwane XII neyaziwa ngokuba Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod. Imbali emfutshane indalo yayo iqulethwe nasemagumbini isetyenziswayo ngqangi, kunye nolwazi nangakumbi ngenxa yokuba wenziwe umsebenzi zakudala kuwo. Makhe nihlale kulo ubungqina elikhethekileyo kudala.

Prince - luthandwa of Novgorod

Ngokutsho ezikhumbuzo isetyenziswayo yokubhala yamandulo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Novgorod Chronicle yesibini", ngowe-1113 unyana Vladimira Monomaha, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, phezu kodonga lasekunene Volkhov yasekwa yecawa lilitye St. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa.

Ekuweleni, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba isikhulu Mstislav wathola izenzo zabo ezintle ngothando Novgorod kunye kukunqulwa ngabantu bonke. Kuba okokuqala kweenxweme Volkhov wabonakala 1088 eneminyaka engama-ezilishumi elinantathu, wathunyelwa ebukumkanini uyisemkhulu, i-Grand Duke of Kiev Vsevolod okwexeshana. Lo mlawuli uselula kangangoko yawa ukuba abemi, ukuba kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, bona ngokwabo ngokuba oko, emva koko ngo-1097 Novgorod ekugqibeleni elalathelwe Resolution Mstislav Lyubech Congress iinkosana.

Eyona Cathedral of Veche Novgorod

Indawo yolwakhiwo itempile andinyulanga ngengozi. Njengoko kubonakala umlando enye, neminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo, njengoko inkosana Novgorod, zakhiwe khona Chamber of Yaroslav Mudry. Ngenxa yoko, le ndawo ibekwe malunga Novgorod yesicelo, ogama Detinets, wafumana iwonga, kwaye oNgcwele Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod - ngoko aziwa ngalo phakathi kwabantu, kuba yayakhiwe njengebandla amakhosi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba enye kwezi zakhiwo zindala itempile Novgorod, yesibini ekwaluphaleni kuphela Nozipho Cathedral.

Yayimisele Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod ngowe 1136, xa ekhupha Kiev Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich, abahlali waseka Novgorod Republic. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukususela ekuqaleni ibandla ngenkulungwane XIII St Nicholas waba Veche nendlu yayo engundoqo. Kude kube kokuwa kwiRiphabliki 1478 kufutshane ekungeneni kwakhe ukuya Chamber enengxolo kunye elwayo nasezidolophini.

Cathedral Square, elisuke laba enkundleni yomzabalazo kwezopolitiko

Ukususela ekusekweni kwi Novgorod uhlobo republic karhulumente ka-Prince yokuhlala ukuba wachukumiseka ngaphandle kwesixeko waye Rurik zokuhlala. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ukulahlekelwa ubume Grand Palace Church, Cathedral City, kwaye sivulelekile ukuba bonke ukubenza.

Ngokutsho umkhumbuzi, ukususela 1228 Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) amangqina ungquzulwano yezopolitiko elibukhali phakathi kukarhulumente kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ukongezelela kwiindibano ezisemthethweni, amalungu awo abameli kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, ukususela iindonga yecawa babesiya seSigqeba ebizwa ngokuba umbuso. Kule mihla, Cathedral Square yazala amakhulu izigqibo yimiphumela ethathwe kwindawo yembutho ephambi St. Nozipho Cathedral, nayo leyo wagcinwa intsimbi ibandla.

Iimbambano phakathi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko

Imbali ye Novgorod yamandulo ngexesha ulawulo yayo yedemokhrasi uye walondoloza ubungqina lomzabalazo nje kuphela phakathi kwamaqela abantu ezahlukeneyo, ezahlulwe udidi ekuhlaleni, kodwa phakathi iinkalo ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo umzi, ngokuba 'eziphelweni ". Abaphandi, le meko iye ngokuba "lomzabalazo mezhkonchanskoy."

Esangweni ntshona yecawa kwaku ekuthiwa-isidanga Veche - iqonga okanye eqongeni, eyenzelwe nxaxheba abaninzi ebonakalayo kunye nempembelelo kwi yamatyala, yima apho njengento enkulu. Ngexesha umzabalazo phakathi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo mzi (1218-1219), xa angekayazi eyona ngokucaciswa ngokucacileyo ubume nganye uhlangothi, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod kunye indawo ekufutshane apho yaba liziko kwimilo enogonyamelo ukuba zikhule zibe imilo ezivulekileyo ngamanye amaxesha.

Phantsi ukhuselo nasemagumbini yogcino

Ngobume ezisezidolophini etempileni, kwaye, ngaphezu koko, loo ndawo ingcwele, le yecawa, bengahambi ngokwesithethe esekwe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kuba yindawo bonke abo babefuna usindiso zombini amagunya yaye umsindo lwabantu. Uninzi imizekelo inokufumaneka kwiingxelo ebhaliweyo ixesha. Ngokukodwa, enye yemihla ingxelo ukuba 1338 ngu kwesihlwele enemvukelo baloo dolophu Nahlawulelwa kuyo ndigxothwe archimandrites Esif kunye Lawrence. Intshutshiso ixesha elide akwaduka kubo emnyango isonto, kodwa akabanga nabuganga ukungena koko waza wasindisa ubomi abasabileyo bakwaEfrayim.

Ixesha yokwehla isonto

Ngenkulungwane elilandelayo, xa Novgorod waphulukana ukuzimela zayo yaba yinxalenye Grand Duchy of eMoscow, owayesakuba vechevoj Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod wayengekho kwi-ofisi Diocesan, kwaye komkhulu. Oku kwanika ithuba lokufumana yesondlo mali yayo urhulumente ethile kunye nempembelelo entle imeko ngokubanzi.

Kwakungekho de phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII, xa ngengqibo uKumkanikazi Elizabeth, watshintshelwa kolawulo eDayosisi yase Novgorod waza waba Cathedral esi sixeko ngaphandle ukudibanisa, ezingenakulinganiswa kuchaphazela ubume bezemali zawo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali ezifunekayo ukuze kuncendile, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane waba ezidilikileyo, wafika kurhulumente yonxunguphalo.

ngokutsha kwe-yecawa

Kuphela ukususela ngexesha loMlawuli Alexander I kubomi isonto wayitshintsha ukuba ngcono. Ngowe-1810, phezu umyalelo liphezulu zakhutshwa imali yokwakha ngokutsha, nto leyo yanceda ukuba ukwakha emacaleni asentshona nasemantla ngokwandiswa, nto leyo eza ngendlu: i sacristy, Izindlwana efudumeleyo, isikwere kunye nevaranda. Ukongeza, ngexesha sewusesandleni sonyana wakhe - uNicholas mna, umgangatho yecawa zazizaliswe Iizilebhu cast.

Ngowe-1913, i-Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) wavula iingcango zalo asebukhosini. Isizathu sokuba esi siganeko yaba vosmisotletie ukususela bookmarks zalo trohsotletie olawulayo House of Romanov. Ngomhla olwandulela lolu tyelelo leendwendwe akwizikhundla eziphezulu kuso kuluhlu olubanzi umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa lwaqhutywa.

Bayahlelwa itempile kule minyaka Soviet

Emva kokuba October Revolution urhulumente omtsha abazange uvale Cathedral. Oku kungqinwa ugcinwe kwabo amaxwebhu amaxesha neenkumbulo bamandulo. Ungenelelo kuphela ebomini bakhe ozakuthathwa isigqibo Novgorod City Council 1933 ngokwesiseko apho icawa waba zombini imyuziyam. Ukususela ngoko, neendonga zaso kunye weplasi olwenziwe uhambo.

Ngexesha lemfazwe, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod lifumene umonakalo ebonakalayo. Ngokukodwa, ukusuka kweziqhushumbisi ezonakeleyo kophahla lwakhe kunye namalungu aphezulu. Ukongeza, yonke ivolyum empumalanga yamandulo ukuya ngasentshona wawela nditshaye anzongonzongo wadlula iindonga wamatye, nezingqameko kunye ezimnyama. A ahlolwa evarandeni wasentshona yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo uphahla.

Emva kokuba imfazwe lwaqhutywa uthotho imisebenzi sokubuyiselwa kunye Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod wabuyela amakholwa, kodwa ngowe-1962 kwimo yaso ibandla yangoku kwayekwa. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ukuba nesigxina lwembali lommandla Novgorod, waba into ayifunayo. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ukuba wonyuselwa uluhlu olubanzi yomsebenzi zakudala, nto leyo ukuba bayiqonda kakuhle imbali yayo kunye nenkangeleko kuqala. The Dome le Cathedral lomzi abaqalise iziko.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod: ukwakheka

Namhlanje, le yecawa yamandulo, sizigcine engqondweni kwimbali ezizimeleyo Novgorod Republic, usesikhundleni akhokelayo phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo zibandakanywa entsonkothileyo le zorhwebo Novgorod. imbonakalo yawo yokwakha le laconic kakhulu engqongqo.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, iifoto ezo thaca kweli nqaku, i phambi isakhiwo-angqukuva ezintlanu, ngecala lasempumalanga lingqongwe apses amathathu - uqikelelo eludongeni omise, apho ibekwe ngaphakathi esibingelelweni. ezimnyama yayo inkxaso iintsika amathandathu enamandla ibekwe ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo esikhulu.

ibandla labo kucacile lubonisa ulwalamano lwakhe kunye nomnye umsebenzi wobugcisa lwezakhiwo yamandulo Novgorod - St. Nozipho Cathedral. Ngokubanzi, ngokutsho abagxeki, imilo yayo ingqinelana izithethe esekwe kwi sesakhiwo Kievan Rus kwinkulungwane XII. Baye baba ukwandiswa kwezakhiwo ibandla abaninzi Novgorod, kuquka i-Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod.

Le esekelwe yena zipeyintwe iminyaka kokusekwa kwayo, kuba inkoliso yalahleka, yaye kuphela inani elincinane kubo wahlala ngohlobo ngamaqhekeza ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo nathi iyakwazi ukuphawula umfanekiso "Umgwebo Wokugqibela", zibekwe phezu kodonga yasentshona, i "Hierarchs Three" phezu kodonga ngasezantsi, kwakunye licebo "Job kade umsindo kwi gnoische" kwi apse engundoqo.

modernity

Kweli thuba ukususela 1994 ukuya 1999, xa lenguqulelo uvule amathuba amatsha ukulungiselela ukulondolozwa zelifa lenkcubeko nembali kwiinkulungwane edlulileyo, kwakhona ngokubuyiselwa le ndlu yecawa wenziwe. projekthi isebenza yaba kwiqela nabayili kwakhokelela ngeentsika Novgorod GM, kwaye uncedo-mali iye apho kwakucingelwa ngamazwe NGO "Hansa League."