Polyethylene: point ukunyibilika, iimpawu kunye nesicelo kwabathengi

Namhlanje, abantu abakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle izinto ngumntu. Bona babe eziliqela iimpawu ezizodwa ezifumanekayo kwaye ziyakwehlisa ngokubonakalayo ixabiso yemveliso. Omnye izinto uba polyethylene. Ingongoma yokunyibilika, kwakunye nezinye iinkcukacha eneenkcukacha bafanelwe ingqalelo. Yinto enye okufunwa kakhulu-emva izinto namhlanje. Ngapha koko, ihlabathi icandelo yemichiza wavelisa nesiqingatha ethylene, sibhekiswe kumalungiselelo polyethylene. Ukuze siqonde ukuba kutheni zithandwa kangaka namhlanje, kufuneka siqwalasele iimpawu zayo.

Yintoni into

Ubume bale molekyuli polyethylene ilula. Kubonakala ngathi kwitsheyini equka athom carbon. Ukuze ngamnye kubo bajoyine iimolekyuli ezimbini hydrogen. Kwihlabathi kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini weli. Ahluke kubume. Oku kuboniswe iipropati eyayi polyethylene (enyibilikayo nokubilisa indawo, umsebenzisi). Yintoni kubenza kuphela imvelaphi. Zombini iinguqulelo zilungiselelwa ukusuka ethylene.

Uhlobo lokuqala ibandakanya monomers polyethylene yomgama. amaqondo polymerization yi 5000 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuguqulwa kwesibini a monomers eyayizalwa. Ziye ke yakhiwa athom carbon (4 ukuya kwelesi-6).

Ukudala polyethylene yomgama, wasebenzisa ehlanganisa ezithile. Inkqubo polymerization lwenzeka kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku 150 ° C.

iimpawu

Le Polymer thermoplastic leyo ebalasele ukungabonisi umaleko kwi shinyi, kubonakala ngathi polyethylene. Lokunyibilika, iimpawu zobugcisa ezibonakalayo zenza kube ukhetho ethandwayo. It crystallizes kuluhlu ukususela -60 ukuya -269 ° C.

umgangatho yayo HIV kukungabikho ilele of polyethylene. Ekhaya, yena akayi badibana nezinto ezininzi organic izinyibilikisi. Kwakhona, akukho usabela bushushu amanzi netyuwa, acid kunye nezisombululo obrak.

Xa ubushushu 60 ° C, impahla uba sesichengeni sulphuric kunye ne-nitric acid. Ukusebenzisa iioksidenti sokuphatha phezu polyethylene, enokulindelwa ukutshatyalaliswa umaleko komhlaba. Le nto iqala ukuba desensitised ngamanzi. Le mfanelo edingekayo lib polyethylene.

iindlela polymerization

Kuxhomekeka indlela polymerization ethylene, polyethylene na iintlobo 3: phantsi, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nezinto uhlobo yomgama. Inika oko iimpawu kuya kuba polyethylene. Ingongoma yokunyibilika, iimpawu zobugcisa kweentlobo nganye zahlukile. Ngoko ke, ukuba zisetyenziswa phantse zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Polyethylene senziwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngakumbi ezithambileyo. polymerized indlela yakhe olukhulu. Uxinzelelo kule ifumana 1-3 amawaka. ATM. Ubushushu 180 ° C. Mpilo inxaxheba kulo mzekelo njengoko umqalisi.

Low polyethylene mninzi yenziwa kusetyenziswa Ziegler-Natta ehlanganisa. Kule nqubo ithatha inxaxheba sijike organic. uxinzelelo yokusebenza kwi-5-ATM., ke ubushushu idlula 80 ° C.

Linear (avareji) polyethylene yi izinto oluphakathi phakathi kwe iintlobo ingqalelo. Oku kusebenza iimpawu yayo kunye neepropati. Yenziwe noxinzelelo ka-30-40 ATM. Xa usebenzisa ehlanganisa metallocene kungenzeka ukufumana imveliso yamandla oluphuculweyo.

Isizathu sokuba Iimpahla umahluko Polyethylene

Eyayizalwa isakhiwo macromolecular limisela iipropati yababephethwe polyethylene. Ingongoma yokunyibilika, ukuxinana, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo wesekethe. Amasebe ngaphezulu ngayo, izinto elastic ngakumbi ngempahla crystalline ngaphantsi ifunyenwe kwi imveliso.

Olu phawu ophazamisa ukuyilwa kobume luthe ekupakisheni macromolecules umqobo uba-100% yenqanaba le crystallinity. Izinto nayo ine kwisigaba komoya. Iqulethe izabelo wayalela ngokwaneleyo iimolekyuli. Indlela mveliso imisela umlinganiselo izigaba crystalline kunye esesibhakabhakeni. Olu phawu kuchaphazela iimpawu polyethylene.

Ngoko ke, lo umboniso, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume ephantsi koxinzelelo, akubonakali ngaphezu koko ezinye iintlobo. Kukokona crystallinity (ubunzima molekyuli), ukusebenza eliphezulu mechanical. Ngoko ke, njengokuba izinto filimu ekuhleni kwaye elastic. Noko ke, polyethylene kwiimakhishithi ngqongqo yaye zimnyama.

imiphumela lobushushu

Phantsi impembelelo yokutshintsha kumgangatho wokusingqongileyo, nto leyo sinikezwe polyethylene. Ingongoma yokunyibilika weli kwakhona kuxhomekeke indlela kwemveliso. Ngokubanzi, i-polyethylene xa itshiswe ivavanywa izigaba ezininzi. Okokuqala, uba ethambileyo, ilastiki. Yena lula gqitha kwempembelelo ngoomatshini.

lobushushu Brittleness apho eliphakathi ulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo polyethylene amandla 70 ° C. Ngamanye ukwandisa izinto zayo ithambisa ngaphezulu. Ithe ngokupheleleyo imilo zayo xa utshiwe ngaphezu kwe-120 ° C. Ngoqobo kungcono ninikane ulwelo kubushushu-130 ° C.

Ukongeza lobushushu zokufudumeza ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo ifuthe yelanga. Ukuba umbandela zisetyenziselwa neemveliso ongaphandle, kufuneka ukhethe uhlobo olomeleleyo. Kungenjalo, soft, polyethylene elastic emva kweminyaka ukusebenza phantsi kwelanga ngqo kuya kuba nzima yaye krobo. Nditsho umbala izinto utshintsho ekuhambeni kwexesha.

density High polyethylene

iintlobo nganye eziphathekayo, kukho iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Oku usinika uluhlu izicelo, nto leyo eye polyethylene. Lokunyibilika (ezixineneyo) yi 120-135 ° C. Kwamanye amabakala yokuxhathisa ubushushu 110 ° C. ezixineneyo ezinto kuphucula luvukelo thermal kunye nokothuka.

Ukongeza kwezi mpawu, libya polyethylene konga ngaphantsi basengozini yokuhlaselwa imichiza. Noko ke, ingxinano ngokugqithisileyo iimolekyuli kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ukwenza izinto ntlanzi, kuba akubonakali ukuba kumphunga, iigesi.

Olu hlobo izinto uneempawu elungileyo Heating. Yena eziphilayo engasebenziyo kodwa ngokulula phambili imveliso mveliso.

Low polyethylene mninzi

Eli qela ubandakanya bhetyebhetye, polyethylene ezilula. Ukunyibilika lobushushu, iipropati crystallization musa ukuvumela ukuba ukusuka phezulu-amandla, iimveliso ubushushu ezingatshiyo. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo unokuba mninzi eyahlukileyo. iqondo lobushushu yokunyibilika sivela 60 ukuya 90 ° C.

Kanye njengokuba uhlobo sangaphambili eziphathekayo, ene- polyethylene ephezulu ehlalayo ukuba ubunzima eziphilayo kwandisa. Lingaphantsi ekuthanda kwiimpembelelo imichiza, eyingozi. Kodwa kunciphisa ukukwazi kwayo ukumelana uyothuka. Kweli polyethylene kwi iintanda kakhulu iqabaka, iphula. Iba akubonakali ukuba umphunga kunye neegesi.

Loo nto ke ngoku iimpawu ezintle Heating. Akafuni ukubonisa ukumelana amafutha,-oyile. Kodwa le nto uyakwazi ukugcina imiqadi kwemitha. Eziphila kuzo, lo nto kwakhona egalelwe, kodwa kulula processing.

Ukusetyenziswa polyethylene esezantsi emsebenzi-mninzi

Ukumisela sibubona izinto umgangatho umda yayo polyethylene. Lokunyibilika (ukusetyenziswa kwale parameter iyafuneka xa ukhetha into nganye) yenza kusenziwa loo ekupakishweni kweziyobisi neenkonkxa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isikhongozeli yenziwa kokubetha sukube. Ezi isenokuba izikhongozeli for zokuthambisa okanye iziqholo, nokubopha ukutya.

Iinkonkxa isikhongozeli esuka polyethylene esezantsi-mninzi ezisetyenziswa kushishino elishishina ngezithuthi kwaye kwemichiza, ekwenziweni amatanki amafutha namagubu.

Ukufumana ukukhawulezisa imveliso impahla kwiifilim umbandela efanayo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuvelisweni kwemibhobho, ipipi izixhobo. It is a material cheap and ixesha elide. Uyakwazi ukuba bathabath 'Ukuze iimveliso phambili kukhuphiswano emarikeni.

Ukusebenza polyethylene lwetshiphu emsebenzi-mninzi

Polyethylene, leyo ngezantsi lobushushu yokunyibilika i ngaphezu iintlobo lwangaphambili, isetyenziswa ekuvelisweni bhanyabhanya wezoLimo, ushishino ukutya kunye nezinye iinjongo zoshishino. imfuno lakhe lukhula rhoqo.

films ezahlukeneyo iinjongo zezolimo anokuba Ukuqinisa ezongezelelweyo, umbala ubuye ezahlukeneyo. Bona zisetyenziswa zokugcina, amasimi ukuphucula umgangatho nobungakanani yesityalo.

films Ukutya, iipakethe kulo lonke ihlabathi etshiswe yonke ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngonyaka ngamnye. Olu hlobo izinto bagxothwa eziphambili iimveliso namacandelo eemarike kwezinye izinto.

isakhiwo yokusebenzisa

Polyethylene, indawo yokunyibilika esichaza yayo ehlabathini kwemfuno enkulu. Ubume nentabalala yezinto eziphathekayo kakhulu umdla. 60-70% of polyethylene kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaxwebhu kunye neebhanyabhanya.

Kwakhona, inxalenye enkulu imveliso iyonke kweso amanqaku afunyenwe ngenaliti yokubumba okanye ngendlela extrusion. Kancinane ngaphezu imveliso ubushushu ezintambo zombane, imibhobho kunye nezixhobo. polyethylene liza kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amanqaku kokubetha ambumbe, kunye nabanye.

Xa imveliso iimakhishithi iifilim ziphantse kusoloko kusetyenziswa polyethylene ukunyuka koxinzelelo (mninzi sezantsi). Bona ezenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ebubanzini filimu kuluhlu 0.03-0.3 mm, kwaye neemakhishithi - 6.1 mm.

Ukongeza ukupakisha, kukho izinto angenza iingxowa, iingxowa, ethwala for bagi, iibhokisi kunye nezinye izikhongozeli. Iimpawu ezifunekayo imveliso, amisele indlela imveliso polyethylene. Ekupheleni imveliso yohlobo ngalunye lwezinto yabelwe iidiliya. Kuyanceda ukuba ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo eziphathekayo ukuze naliphi na ishishini.