Polonskiy Yakov Petrovich: biography kunye nemisebenzi

Phakathi ababhali Russian kwinkulungwane XIX ukuba iimbongi nababhali umsebenzi wakhe kubaluleke kwigalelo ukuya uncwadi yesizwe Titans, ezifana Pushkin, Gogol kunye Nekrasov. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo, uncwadi lwethu ziya kuhluthwa ende enemikhono kunye neyantlukwano, nobubanzi nobunzulu reflection behlabathi Russian, eligcwele kunye nokuphelela nasekufundweni umphefumlo entsokothileyo isizwe sethu. A indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi etihmasterov amagama kuthatha yimbongi umbhali Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich baba luphawu ukuzalana ababhali enkulu Russian, owayehlala ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Ummi of Ryazan

umlilo wam enkungwini likhanya

Iintlantsi ukuba licinywe kubhabho ...

Umbhali kwezi imigca ukusuka ingoma kudala ingqalelo iintsomi, owazalwa entliziyweni weRashiya, kwi Ryazan wephondo. UMama imbongi elizayo - Natalia Y. - weza evela intsapho endala Kaftyrevyh noyise yaba igosa lakomkhulu Sivikivekile, ababekhonza kwi-Ofisi ye-Ryazan umlawuli-jikelele Pet Grigorevich Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, owazalwa ekuqaleni kuDisemba 1819, yaba omdala kubantwana babo abasixhenxe.

Xa uYakobi eli-13 ubudala, umama wakhe wasweleka noyise xa wamiselwa kwindawo breech, waya Erivan, eshiya abantwana ebino lezalamane umfazi wakhe. Ngexesha Yakova Petrovicha Polonskogo sele kudlule yokuqala yokwenza umthambo Ryazan, owayengomnye Kumaziko kubomi benkcubeko idolophu lizwe.

Ukudibana ne Zhukovsky

Zibandakanye anemvano kule minyaka xa ngexesha layo yaba ubungqondi Pushkin, kwaba nezolo. Phakathi kwabo ezahlukeneyo abonakale Ukuthanda ubuchule zemibongo, ukubonisa ubuchule obalaseleyo, kananjalo yesikolo oselula Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, ogama biography lizele umlimandlela asusela kubabhali best Russian kwinkulungwane XIX, ngokufuthi ukhumbula ngalo intlanganiso, apho waba nempembelelo enkulu kukhetho yakhe umsebenzi zombhali.

Ngowe-1837 wahambela Ryazan elizayo uMlawuli Alexander II. Crown Prince ukuya kwintlanganiso iindonga Izabelo Polonsky, egameni umlawuli, wabhala kwindinyana umbuliso kwiivesi ezimbini, enye yazo kufuneka ukuba senziwe ngazwinye ukuba njengalowa uthi: "UThixo Gcina i Tsar!", Nguwuphi na kwaba umhobe esemthethweni yoBukhosi baseRashiya iminyaka-4 kuphela ngaphambili. Ngokuhlwa, emva kokuba iziganeko ngempumelelo elidlulileyo ezibandakanya yindlalifa etroneni, umlawuli we Izabelo ebebambe ukwamkelwa, apho imbongi oselula leva ngokwakhe ebhala isicatshulwa ngeculo elitsha - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim.

Imbongi odumileyo, umcebisi kunye nomhlobo ekupheleni Pushkin enkulu ukudunyiswa imihobe Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, imini emveni kokuphuma Alexander wada ezipalini egameni elizayo ukumkani iwotshi yegolide. Dumisani Zhukovsky wamomeleza Polonsky kwi umnqweno ukuba anikezele ukuphila kwakhe uncwadi.

University Moscow

Ngowe-1838 waba ngumfundi yomthetho sokuzikhethela University eMoscow. Ababephila ndandisoloko ndikuthanda i zizwana emangalisayo, umtsalane ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ayifani Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich ngokukhawuleza bafumana abazana phakathi amanani phambili kwinzululwazi, inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa. Abaninzi ngexesha eMoscow abahlobo yeyunivesithi baye baba ngabahlobo ubomi kuye. Phakathi kwabo - imbongi Afanasiy zeFET Apollon Grigoriev, ababhali-mbali Sergey Solovyov kunye ababhali uKonstantin Cavelin Aleksey Pisemsky kunye uMikhail Pogodin, Decembrist UNikolai Orlov, sobulumko nentatheli uPetros Chaadaev, a weqonga omkhulu uMikhail Shchepkin.

Kuloo minyaka, yena wazalwa obusondeleyo Polonsky kunye Ivan Turgenev, wayethandwa kakhulu isipho ngamnye eminye iminyaka emininzi. Ngoncedo abahlobo, le ncwadi yokuqala Polonsky - kulindixesha "Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo" (1840) kunye ingqokelela yemibongo, "Gamma" (1844).

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imifuniselo lokuqala imbongi oselula kakuhle ezifunyenwe yi abagxeki, ezifana Belinsky, enethemba ukuphila umsebenzi baba amaphupha kom-. iminyaka Polonsky umfundi ipasiswe ubuhlwempu nokubandezeleka, kwanyanzeleka ukuba imali rhoqo ukunika izifundo zabucala zokufundisa. Ngoko ke, xa kuvela ithuba lokuba bafumane indawo kwi-ofisi irhuluneli abaseAfrika of Count Vorontsov, Polonsky eshiya eMoscow, nje emva kokuphumelela ikhosi eyunivesithi.

Endleleni

Ukususela ngowe-1844 wayephila kuqala e Odessa, emva koko waya Tiflis. Ngeli xesha, wadibana nomntakwabo Pushkina Lvom Sergeevichem, osebenzisana kwiphephandaba "Transcaucasian iGazethi". Out of iingqokelela yakhe yemibongo - "Sazandar" (1849) kunye "A Imibongo Bambalwa" (1851). Xa iindinyana ixesha kukho incasa okhethekileyo, ngokukhuthazwa omaziyo imbongi kunye nezithethe zalo zinkomo, kunye imbali eRashiya nomzabalazo imvume kwi imida esemazantsi.

Ezi enkulu ukukwazi Polonsky ukuya ubugcisa obubonwayo ndiyibonile ngemihla yoqeqesho esikolweni Ryazan, ngoko, ngokukhuthazwa ubuhle ekhethekileyo eCaucasus kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane, kuye elininzi bezoba bepeyinta. Eli siko sikhatshwa imbongi ubomi.

Ngowe-1851, Yakov Petrovich waya elikomkhulu, Saint Petersburg, apho usinika isangqa kubahlobo bakhe loncwadi kunye nokusebenza nzima phezu mibongo ezintsha. Ngowe-1855 wapapasha enye incwadi, imibongo zakhe lula ukupapasha iimagazini best boncwadi - "Contemporary" yaye "Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo", kodwa iimali ukunika nkqu ubukho okulula. Uba komfundisi unyana ka-St Petersburg Governor Smirnov. Ngowe-1857, igosa eliphezulu intsapho ukuya Baden-Baden, nabo uhamba aphesheya kunye Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich iye amade lonke elaseYurophu, ukuthatha izifundo zokuzoba kwi French amagcisa, wadibana eziliqela ababhali Russian angaphandle kunye namagcisa - ingakumbi, i-odumileyo Aleksandrom Dyuma.

impilo Personal

Ngowe-1858 Polonsky wabuyela eSt Petersburg kunye nomfazi wakhe - Elena Vasilyevna Ustiug, lowo wadibana eParis. Iminyaka emibini elandelayo ngenxa Yakov omnye kakhulu ezibuhlungu ebomini. Okokuqala kokuba wonzakele kakhulu, imiphumo apho akayi kuba nako ukuphelisa phambi kokuphela ubomi bakhe, ihamba encediswa ngeentonga. Ke ukufa ne yesifo lufe umfazi Polonsky, yaye emva kweenyanga eziliqela kamva wambulala nonyana wabo.

Nangona idrama lobuqu, umbhali isebenza ngendlela emangalisayo nzima nangokuvakalayo kuzo zonke iintlobo - ukususela imibongo ezincinane ombambazelayo, zasekelwa ukuya ezinkulu-volume iincwadi iprozi isiqulatho ngentelekelelo - zaba amava akhe kakhulu umdla memoirs bakhe nobuntatheli.

umtshato wesibini ngo-1866 Polonsky edityaniswe Zhozefinoy Antonovnoy Ryulman, owaba unina wabantwana babo abathathu. Wafumana ubuchule nomkroli kwaye ithathe inxaxheba kubomi bezobugcisa capital Russian. Indlu kunye ucengcelezo zoncwadi zabanjwa Polonsky, apho yazinyaswa yi kakhulu ngababhali abadumileyo kunye namagcisa ngayo ixesha. Ezi ngokuhlwa yaye waqhubeka kangangexesha elithile emva kokufa wembongi, bona babemlandele-Oktobha 30, 1898.

lemveli

Lona Yakov eliphezulu kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ukungalingani. Eyona nkalo iphambili yesihobe Polonsky ingqalelo lyricism yayo evela Romanticism yayinceda ubungqondi Pushkin. Yiloo nto ngengozi ukuba njengento ezihlangwini yokwenene izithethe wembongi enkulu, akulolize, imibongo Baklanov kaThixo idla ngokusetyenziswa iingoma zakhe abaqambi edumileyo - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kodwa, nkqu ukuba abathandi abathembekileyo isipho zemibongo Polonsky wayekholelwa ukuba impumelelo aphezulu emsebenzini wakhe hayi kangako.

Xa wesithathu yokugqibela yenkulungwane XIX iinkcuba Russian ziye zohlulwa kwiinkampu ezimbini - i "abaseNtshona" yaye "Slavophiles". Omnye abo babefuna ukuba aveze ukuzibophelela ecacileyo ukuze omnye maqela Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (iinyani ezinika umdla malunga iimbambano theoretical component kunye Tolstoy na memoirs ababephila) wavakalisa iingcamango endala ngakumbi eRashiya uyakhula abe inkcubeko yaseYurophu, ngeli kokuvumelana kakhulu kunye nomhlobo wakhe - i "Westerner" ecacileyo Ivan Turgenev.

Wahlala a imisebenzi nobutyebi kunye nezimvo wobomi umbhali Russian, ethabathe nentsikelelo evela bexesha Pushkin kunye nokuhlala imbongi ngoku, xa inkwenkwezi le liqela liphuma. Kombisa kule ndlela, lo olukhulu imbonakalo, leyo unenzondelelo Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, photo ogama ekupheleni kwenkulungwane sele wobugcisa ogqibeleleyo, livela enemifanekiso yabantu ngexesha lokugqibela usolusapho langoku, ukuze baqonde intsingiselo endleleni siwela.