Philosophy: Yintoni samabanga - mbandela okanye ukwazi?

Philosophy - an nenzululwazi yamandulo. Zivela ngemihla kwinkqubo ngamakhoboka. Kwaye umdla ngokwaneleyo, ngandlela ithile nangoko kumazwe afana ne-China, India ne Greece. Imbali yesayensi kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-2500. Ngeli xesha siye saseka eninzi olulandelenayo ezahlukeneyo, ebonisa amanqanaba indlala kwezopolitiko, intlalo kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho noluntu. Hlola iinkalo ezahlukeneyo bulumko, Kakade ke, umdla kunye ebalulekileyo. Kodwa bonke kukhokelela lembombo - ingxaki yokuba nokuphila.

imixube ezahlukileyo ingxaki efanayo

Umbuzo lokuqala bulumko, esekelwe kuzo zonke iindawo, basebenzisane ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nathi ukuba nokuphila - ingxaki konxulumano komoya kunye nendalo, ingqondo nomzimba, ukucinga nokuba, njl isikolo ngasinye beengcinga bafuna iimpendulo kumbuzo: yintoni na samabanga - umba okanye ukwazi ..? Kuhlobana phezu kwabo ukucinga kwaye? Olu lulwahlulo zobulumko German Schelling kunye Engels uye wabizwa umbuzo obalulekileyo-bulumko.

Ukubaluleka le ngxaki iza kuxhomekeka kukuba ukususela isisombululo wayo elungile kuxhomekeke nolwakhiwo nenzululwazi ehlanganisiweyo ndawo umntu ehlabathini. Ingqondo nezinto basenokuvana. Kodwa ke ngaxeshanye isibini izichasi. Consciousness udla ngokubizwa ngokuba umoya.

wamacala amabini nengxaki

Xa lo mbuzo engundoqo bulumko: "Yintoni na samabanga - umba okanye ukwazi" - kukho amaxesha - ebomini nengqiqo. Ukuba-ngamanye amazwi, icala nangobunto, ilele ekufumaneni isisombululo main iingxaki-bulumko. Kwaye ke umongo icala kwengqondo okanye epistemological, kukuba ukusombulula umbuzo wokuba ingaba okanye hayi ihlabathi knowable knowable.

Kuxhomekeka idatha macala mabini yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezine eziphambili. Lona umbono emzimbeni (eziphathekayo) kunye yimibono, waba (empiricism) kunye lale.

Ontology na le nkalo zilandelayo: izinto eziphathekayo (Classic vulgaris), yimibono (njengenjongo luluvo), iinkqubo ezimbini deism.

icala Epistemological imelwe indlela ezintlanu. Kokuvela Kamva Gnostic kunye akaziwa. Enye amathathu - empiricism, rationalism, sensualism.

Umgca we Democritus

Kule ncwadi, izinto eziphathekayo udla ngokubizwa ngokuba kumnombo Democritus. abalandeli bakhe bakholelwa impendulo echanekileyo yombuzo into eza kuqala - umba okanye lokuqonda, akunamsebenzi. Ngokuhambelana kunye nale postulates izinto zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• nyhani sikhona, kwaye uzimele lokuqonda;
• Inkqunto - yinto into elizimeleyo; idinga kuphela kwaye kuphuhlisa phantsi komthetho yayo basekhaya;
• abalazi - ibonisa Le propati ngokwayo, lalo mba imibutho kakhulu;
• ukwazi ayikho enye into esizimeleyo, - ntle.

Phakathi zobulumko ezibonakalayo, ngubani Balwakha umbuzo omkhulu into eza kuqala - umba okanye ukwazi, kungathiwa:

• Democritus;
• Inabe, Anaximander, Anaximenes (school Milesian);
• UEpicurus, Bacon, Locke, Spinoza, Diderot;
• Herzen, Chernyshevsky;
• Marx, Engels, uLenin.

lwaya yemvelo

Ngokwahlukeneyo ukwaba izinto inhlamba. Limela Vogt, Moleschott. Kulo mba, xa uqala ukuthetha ngento ngowona - umba okanye ezingqondweni, indima umcimbi absolutise.

Zobulumko ulikhoboka ukufunda izinto ngoncedo iinzululwazi ngqo: imathematika, physics, chemistry. Ziziba ingqondo njengeziko kunye nokukwazi layo ukuphembelela mbandela. Ngokutsho abameli eziphathekayo nekrwada, ingqondo yomntu uvelisa into nokuphila ezifana kwesibindi, inyongo. Lo mkhuba ungayamkeli umahluko ezisemgangathweni phakathi kwengqondo kunye mbandela.

Ngokutsho uphando mihla, xa umbuzo wokuba yintoni eza kuqala - umba okanye ukwazi, izinto eziphathekayo, intanda, sithembele zenzululwazi ngqo kunye zendalo, ngokusengqiqweni kubonisa postulates yayo. Kodwa kukho ubuthathaka - ingcaciso owayenomgutyana undoqo ezingqondweni, ukunqongophala utoliko iziganeko ezininzi zehlabathi ezingqongileyo. Eziphathekayo alawula kwintanda-Greece (ixesha kwedemokhrasi) eUnited yamaGrike, eNgilani ngenkulungwane XVII, eFransi, kwinkulungwane XVIII, kumazwe yali kwenkulungwane XX.

uPlato line

Yimibono uPlato ekuthiwa umgca. Abaxhasi le ntsingiselo bakholelwa ukuba ezingqondweni ngowona, umcimbi zamabanga ekusombululeni ingxaki enkulu bulumko. Yimibono eyahlula iindawo ezimbini lokuzimela: Injongo kunye luluvo.

Abameli kwicala yokuqala - Plato, Leibniz, Hegel kunye nabanye. Zobulumko inkxaso yesibini ezifana Berkeley kunye Hume. Umsunguli yimibono kwinjongo uPlato ingqalelo. Iimbono yale ndawo luphawulwa athi: ". Kuphela ngengcamango bokwenyani and zaseprayimari" Injongo yimibono uthi:

• leyinene ezingqonge - kwihlabathi ngezimvo ihlabathi izinto;
• Eidos sphere (iimbono) ezikhoyo ekuqaleni yaphezulu (ehlabathini) ingqondo;
• ihlabathi eziphathekayo izinto yaye asinayo ubukho eyahlukileyo, kwaye lwalo iingcinga;
• into ngamnye - eidoses lwalo;
• indima ebalulekileyo ukuguqulwa ibe iingcamango ethile into lirhoxisiwe nguThixo-uMdali;
• Eidos ngamnye khona nangengqwalasela enkulu, ngokuzimeleyo lokuqonda yethu.

Imvakalelo kunye nesizathu

yimibono luluvo, besithi ezingqondweni kukuthi, umcimbi nezasesekondari, uthi:

• yonke into ikhona kuphela engqondweni isifundo;
• Ngcinga engqondweni yomntu;
• imifanekiso yezinto ezibonakalayo kwakhona ekhoyo kuphela engqondweni ngokusebenzisa amava sensory;
• akukho udaba okanye Eidos akuyi kuphila ngaphandle lokuqonda koluntu.

Engxakini kule mbono kukuba akukho ingcaciso ezithembekileyo ubhalo mechanism woguqulo eidoses into ethile. yimibono bulumko namandla ngemihla Plato eGrisi, kumaXesha Aphakathi. Namhlanje, kuyinto eqhelekileyo eUnited States, Germany kunye namanye amazwe Western aseYurophu.

Monism kunye ezimbini

Izinto ezibonakalayo, yimibono - kubalelwa monism, okt iimfundiso malunga umgaqo eziziiprayimari ... Descartes waseka ezimbini, eli edulusele kule ithisisi:

• Kukho ezimbini kukho into ezimeleyo: ngokwenyama nangokomoya;
• I elula uye iipropati ngokomzimba;
• ngokomoya kuye ukucinga;
• yonke ehlabathini lithathwe mhlawumbi ukusuka kwenye okanye into yesibini;
• izinto ezibonakalayo kuvela mba, kunye nezimvo - iziyobisi ngokomoya;
• ndaba kunye nomoya - aphikisana ezalanayo enobunye ukuba.

Xa efuna impendulo yombuzo esisiseko bulumko: "zamabanga Yintoni - umba okanye ukwazi '- ingashwankathelwa: umba nokuphila zisoloko akhoyo kunye ezihlobeneyo.

Okunye luhlole bulumko

Nezigxina ezininzi ngexesha elinye ibamba ukuba ehlabathini eninzi lweziqalelo, njengoko kwi thiyori monads Leibniz.

Deism ingqalelo phambi uThixo kanye wadala ihlabathi yaye abazange inxaxheba kuphuhliso wayo ozakube usaqhutywa, oko alichaphazeli ukuziphatha kunye nobomi babantu. Deists na zobulumko French ye yiEnlightenment yenkulungwane XVIII - uVoltaire kunye Rousseau. Abazange bachasa ezingqondweni uMama waza wacinga ukuba spiritualized.

Ugesi uzekazekana isigama yimibono eziphathekayo.

Umsunguli empiricism yaba uFrancis Bacon. Mu kuya kwa nshita mazwi ndinamaphupha: "Consciousness ngowona ngokunxulumene mbandela" - theory reseach uthi isiseko ulwazi kunokuba ngamava kunye neemvakalelo kuphela. Engqondweni (iingcinga) akukho nto leyo engazange zigidi ngokomfuniselo.

ukwalela ulwazi

Akaziwa - ulwalathiso, bemkhanyela ngokupheleleyo amathuba nkqu ukuqonda olungagqibelelanga ihlabathi ngokusebenzisa ngamava ayinyani. Le nto iye yaziswa ngu T. G. Geksli kunye ummeli eliphambili akaziwa ukuba Kant, phikisana ukuba ingqondo yomntu inethuba elikhulu, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ingqondo yomntu kudala amaqhina kunye ezingangqinelaniyo eziye akukho ithuba isisombululo. Zonke ezi kuphikisana kwimboniselo Kant, kukho i ezine. Omnye kubo: kukho uThixo - uThixo akakho. Ngokutsho Kant, kwanoko fanele ukuba ubuchule nasengqondweni ingqondo yomntu, mayingabi sakhululwa kwaziwa ngokuba ezingqondweni uyakwazi ukubonisa izinto mizwa kuphela, kodwa awunako ukwazi ubunjalo ngaphakathi.

Namhlanje, abaxhasi ingcamango "nto iphambili - sisuka ezingqondweni mbandela" inokufumaneka kunqabile kakhulu. Ihlabathi uye otyekele ngonqulo, nangona umahluko omkhulu uluvo. Kodwa ke nangona kwiinkulungwane ubudala khangela iinkcuba, umbuzo esisiseko bulumko na ngokukodwa isigqibo. Oku nako ukuphendula nayiphi na abaxhasi Gnostic, okanye amarhamente le ontology. Le ngxaki okunene inkinga ukuba bazimele. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, intanda-Western, ibonisa School ukuhla kwendlela ingqalelo ngayo umbuzo yemveli ezisisiseko bulumko. Ethe ngcembe uphelelwa ukufaneleka kwayo.

mikhwa

Abaphengululi ezifana Jaspers, Camus, Heidegger, bathi kwixesha elizayo libe ezifanelekileyo entsha ingxaki yentanda - ebomini. Kuyinto umbuzo komntu kunye ubukho bakhe, ukulawula ihlabathi ngokomoya, unxibelelwano noluntu yangaphakathi, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, intsingiselo yobomi, indawo yayo ekuhlaleni kunye nemvo ulonwabo.

Ngokwembono yokuba ebomini babantu - njengento ebaluleke eyodwa ngokupheleleyo. Kuba akunakwenzeka ukuba isicelo nabuntu imilinganiselo kudaleka. Ayikho ngaphandle akukho igunya phezu kwabantu, aba unobangela ngokwabo. Ngoko ke, xa ebomini sithetha inkululeko yabantu. Ubukho - oku kwisikhongozelo inkululeko, isiseko apho - le ndoda azidalileyo kwaye elinoxanduva yonke into ayenzayo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kule ndawo kukho ngxubevange akekho zonqulo.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo abantu bezama ukuba bazi baze bafumane indawo yazo ehlabathini. Le ndaba kusoloko zobulumko abanomdla. Ekufuneni iimpendulo maxa wambi washiya yonke yobomi bulumko. Umxholo intsingiselo yobomi ngokusondeleyo kunye ingxaki ubume boluntu. La magama ezihambisana kwaye kaninzi kuyafana ukusebenzelana kunye ngezenzeko eziphezulu kwihlabathi eziphathekayo - indoda. Kodwa namhlanje,-bulumko akanako ukunika kuphela impendulo ecacileyo ezichanekileyo zale mibuzo.