Palekh encinane. Ubugcisa bezoluntu kwidolophana yasePalekh

Enye yezona ntlobo ezintle zobugcisa obuthatyathwe ngabantu baseRashiya, iindawo ezinamhlanje zisePalekh, iFososkino, iMstera neKholui. Indawo edala kunaleyo yobugcisa yilali dolophu yasePalekh, kwingingqi ye-Ivanovo, abaculi abavela kuzo iikontrapi ezingekho nje kuphela ezidwetshiwe, kodwa zatshatiwe neendonga zee-Orthodox kwaye zabuyiselwa iicawa zamandulo kunye namathredari. I-Palekh encinane, eyavela ngenxa yeenguqu zentlalo kunye neenkcubeko ezenzeka eRashiya emva koMbasa we-Oktobha ka-Oktobha ka-1917, zazinceda ukugcina izithethe zenkcazelo yokudweba kunye nokuzidlulisela kwiifom ezintsha kwaye zizalise nezinye izinto ezifunwa luluntu.

Imbali yesiRashiya

ERashiya, ukudweba kwe-lacquer kuye kwaba ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqala kwayo kuthathwa njengekuphela kwekhulu le-XVIII, xa umrhwebi waseMoscow uKirbov wasungula umkhiqizo wokuvelisa izibuko ezinobumba ezilungiselelwe umkhosi we-Russian army. I-laquer miniature yavela kamva kamva, xa inkundla yaseRussia inkundla yazisa ifowuni ukuba icube iteksi. URobobov wakwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuveliswa kweebhokisi ezinobumba ezincinci - ii-box boxes. Emva kwexesha, la majezi asetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa indawo. Ngako oko, iimfuno zokukhangela kwazo zaphakama. Emva koko, imisebenzi yama-Russian masters yaqala ukuhluka ngokucacileyo ukusuka kwiimodeli zaseNtshona ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo kunye nakwezifundo ezazicacileyo zesizwe. Ngoko, kwi-lacquer encinci yaseRashiya yabonakala amaqhawe kunye nemibala evela kwiintlobo zeengqungquthela kunye neembali zeencwadi zakudala zesiRashiya, ezibonisa izithethe zaseRashiya kunye nendlela yokuphila, ukuvelisa ubuhle bendalo.

Amacandelo aseRashiya amancinci amancinci

KwiRashiya yanamhlanje amaziko amane apho ahlakulela khona iimboli zendalo zakudala zaseRashiya zokudweba i-lacquer: i-Fedoskino, i-Palekh, iKholui ne-Mstera. Ngaphambi kowe-1917 ukuguqulwa, zonke iilali ngaphandle kweFososkino zaziwa eRashiya njengamaziko amakhulu ekupakanyeni kwimbozo, apho kungabonakali khona imifanekiso kuphela, kodwa kunye neenkosi zokubuyiselwa kunye nokudweba udonga lweetempileni. Ngamanye amaziko adala iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kwiidolophu zama-Orthodox, kodwa kwaye kwahlukahluka ngokwaso. Abasters baseKholui, ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka kwi-icon yokudweba, babesondele kwimveli yendabuko yaseRussia, abahlali baseMstera balandela izithethe zeendawo zakudala zeTroyra, kwaye abaPalekh abaculi benza iimpawu zeOthodoki.

Indlela yokubonakalisa i-iconography yaqala ngayo ePalekh

Ngenkulungwane ye-16, abahlali basePalekh, ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zemizobo yezithombe eziye zavela ngaphambili eShuya naseKholui, zaqala ukuzama isandla zabo ngokubhala iimpawu. Imizamo yayimbalwa, kwaye iphumelele kakhulu ayinakubizwa.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-XVII ubuqaqawuli bePalekh beengcibi zeengcamango zafika eMoscow, kwaye amakhosi ayemenywa ukuba enze imisebenzi enkundleni yasebukhosini. Ukuba kwiimpawu ze-XVII zekhulu leminyaka zabhalwa malunga nayo yonke idolophana enkulu kwiphondo laseVladimir , ngekhulu le-18 kwakukho amaziko amathathu awona mfanekiso: i-Kholui, iMstera ne-Palekh. I-Palekhans, ngokungafani nabemi beMstera kunye neKholui ekhuthele kakhulu, ukuya ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 badibanisa ezolimo zendabuko kunye nokubhala kweempawu ngexesha labo eliphumayo ukusuka emsebenzini kwintsimi. Ukutsaliswa ngokunyamekileyo ngokwesiko, iimpawu zenziwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibiza.

Ukuqala kweXesti yeXIX kuthathwa njengexesha lokuphucula iPalekh icon yokudweba. Iimpawu ezenziwe ePalekh zazingathengiswa kuphela kwiidolophu ezinkulu kunye ezinkulu zaseRussia, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX ePalekh waququzelela ii-workshops zokuqala, ezine-Safonov, Korin, uNanykin no-Udalov. Ekuqaleni kwe-XX leminyaka, ukuveliswa kweempawu zaba buninzi, buncinci kunye nomgangatho ongaphantsi. Ukubonakala kwemifanekiso engancinci, eprintwe yindlela yokubhala, iholele ekunciphiseni kwepayili yokubonisa kunye nokucinywa kwenani lamasifundisane owaziwayo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lemashumi mabini, e-Kholui, ePalekh naseMstera, ukugcinwa kwezithethe, umzobo woBugcisa beeRussia wokudweba uphawu lwabafundi udale ii-workshops zokuqeqesha ezaziye zaze zafika ngo-1917.

Ixesha lamaSoviet

Emva ko-Oktobha iNguquko, kwada kwa-1923, ininzi yamakhosi ePalekh yahlala ingekho msebenzi. Omnye oshiye ekukhangekeni kwimivuzo kwisixeko, abanye bazama ukwenza iibheyi, izitya okanye izicathulo ze-bast. Kuze kube ngo-1923, iinzame eziliqela zenziwe ukuba zivumelanise abadwebi bezithonjana zangaphambili kwimifanekiso yeekhokethi, iidyski zezingane kunye nezinto zokhuni. Nangona kunjalo, ayizange isebenze, kuba imfuneko yokuvelisa iindleko ezinkulu kumaxabiso aphantsi, kwaye kanye uhlobo lwalo mveliso lukhokelela ekuveliseni iimveliso eziphantsi kweemveliso ezingekho mgangatho.

Umhla apho i-mini-lacquer encane eyadalwa ngayo, ngendlela eyazi ngayo, kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ekupheleni kuka-1922, ekuqaleni kuka-1923. Ngaloo ndlela umculi wezobuchwephesha u-Ivan Ivanovich Golikov emacaleni omnyama wamaphepha-mache wenza ukuba "uAdam eParadesi". Lo msebenzi unomdla ubunkokheli beMicrosoft Handicraft (namhlanje - iMyuziyamu ye-Art Art), eyaqala ukubonelela ngomculi ngemisebenzi kwaye ihlawulelwe umsebenzi wakhe. Kwixesha elizayo, IV Markitchev, AV Kotukhin kunye ne-IP Vakurov bajoyine inkqubo. Imisebenzi edalwe ngaba bafundisi yenziwe ngowe-1923 kwi-All-Russia Yomboniso Wezobugcisa Nezoshishino eMoscow kwaye zanikwa idiploma yesiganga soku-1. Ngomnyaka we-1924, imisebenzi yama-artists yaboniswa kwimiboniso yaseVenice, kwaye ngowe-1925 eParis, apho benza i-furore yangempela kwaye bafumana impumelelo enkulu. Konke oku kukhokelela ekubeni ngoDisemba 5, 1924 e-Palekh VV kunye noVar Kotukhin, i-AI kunye no-II Zubkov, IV Markitshev, i-IM Bakanov kunye no-I. I-Golikov yakha i-Artel yemifanekiso yamandulo.

I-new-born-born Palekh encinci ibhekane neengxaki ezininzi: kuqala kokuqala, izinto ezifunekayo-iimpapu-mache, ezobuchwephesha ezazingaziwa ngabaculi basePaleshan, kwaye kwakufuneka ukuba uphume kwipuphu yintsimbi ephathekayo kwizinto zokuhlobisa izinto nezinto ezinokubumba nokuma.

Kwaye i-assortment kunye neefom zezinto ezipapashwe ngabaphathi be-Palekh zazinkulu kakhulu: iifolokhwe, iintloko, iifubho, iibhokisi, iimeko zokubhema kunye neebhokisi ze-snuffbox, i-ochechniki kunye neebhokisi ze powder kunye nokunye okuninzi. I-Palekh encinane yeso sihlandlo inesiqalo esinamandla sokuqala, kodwa ayinayo imifanekiso ekhanyayo kunye nomxholo weendaba. Iingoma eziphambili kunye nezithandwayo zalo xesha zaziyimfazwe, abelusi, ukuzingela, iqela kunye neentathu.

Ingatsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yinto echanekileyo kwiminyaka ye-1920 eyayiqulunqwa yi-lacquer encane ePalekh phantsi kweempembelelo zombini we-Old Russian umfanekiso wesimboli kunye nobugcisa behlabathi lonke.

Emva kwemfazwe

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuthula, amakhosi amaninzi e-Palekh encinane ibonisa kwimisebenzi yawo eyahlukeneyo imfazwe, ngokubakho iphelile iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye nezinye iimfazwe ezinkulu ezazizukisa umkhosi waseRussia. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, ngokobuninzi beembali-mlando, i-lacquer encinci e-Palekh ibhekene neengxaki ezicacileyo, ngenxa yezinto ezibonakalayo zengcali zezobugcisa, ukuchithwa kwemisebenzi yothando kunye nokucocwa okunzulu, uphawu lwezenzo zeminyaka edlulileyo. I-Palekh encinane, isithombe esichazwe ngezantsi, sibonisa ngokucacileyo impembelelo yengcamango yamaSoviet yelo xesha kwiingcali.

Ukugqithisa ngokweqile, izikhumbuzo kunye neepathos zibonisa ubuninzi beemisebenzi ezidalwe kule minyaka, nangona kwakukho abanye abaphathi abagcina isondo kunye nezithethe zesikolo zakudala.

Iiminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha zibonakaliswe ukuba ikhumbuzo kunye nokudlulela ngokwemvelo kuphelile, kwaye ukuphakanyiswa kwentuthuko kunye neengqungquthela zothando kuya kubuya ePalekh, inqwelwana elincinci liphinde libe yingqungquthela. Ngeli thuba abaculi basePaleshan abaphenduleli kuphela kwimithombo yamaculo, kodwa nakwimisebenzi yeencwadi zakudala, kunye neengoma zangoku. Ngexesha elifanayo neemeko ezibalulekileyo zentlalo, njengokomzekelo, ukuhamba komntu kwindawo, kufumana ukucinga kwabo kwimisebenzi yamakhosi.

Iingamashumi ezisixhenxe-ezisibhozo ze-XX leminyaka kwakuyixesha lokutsalwa kwepeyinti yePalekh. Abadwebi basePalekh bamenywa ukuba baqulunqe indawo ebonakalayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zekonsathi, ukucwangciswa kobugcisa beziko lezenkcubeko kunye neenkcubeko.

Ixesha langoku

Emva kokusinda ezinzima ezingama-90, amaPaleshans awayekanga ukuloba. I-Palekh Art School minyaka yonke ivelisa abaphathi abancinci, abagcina ngokugqithiseleyo izithethe kunye neempawu ezenziwa nguPalekh miniature. Namhlanje, kukho ubugcisa obuninzi kunye namashishini omhlaba ekuveliseni iimveliso ezidumileyo zeLacker ePalekh.

Iinkalo ezahlukeneyo

Palekh ukudweba, njengawuphi na ubugcisa bendoda, eyenziwe kule ndawo okanye kuloo ndawo, inezici zayo kunye nezithethe ezahlukileyo. Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, uphawu lwe-icon lwamawaka eminyaka luzukisa uPalekh. Iqhosha elincinane lakwaLacquer lithatha iimpawu ezininzi ukusuka kwipayipi yokudweba, njengokomzekelo, ukuqulunqa umlo kunye nokusebenza ngokucophelela ngcaciso nganye. Singaxelela ukuba i-Palekh miniature yakhula kwizithethe zangeeminyaka-ntsuku zokubonisa imifanekiso. Ukusuka kwezinye iifolishi zemifanekiso yokugcoba i-Palekh isitayela ihluke ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukudweba kweengoma eziqingqiweyo kunye neziqendu;
• Umzobo omncinci;
• Ubuncwane bomzimba kunye nobuhle bomfanekiso;
• Ukwaziswa ngokucokisekileyo kwento nganye;
• Ukulonga kunye nokuhlukana kwamanani abantu;
• Ubuqhetseba bokuthatha izitho zomzimba zomntu;
• Imibala eyahlukeneyo;
• Ukusetyenziswa kwemvelaphi emnyama;
• Ukusebenzisa i-egg tempera;
• Ukudweba ngegolide.

Kodwa ukuba isicatshulwa sikwazi ukuqala ukudala i-miniature, okokuqala kukho konke okuyimfuneko ukudala imveliso esuka papier-mâché, eya kusayinwa.

Ipapier-mache njani?

Yenziwe ngekhadibhodi, eyokuqala yokunqunyulwa ibe yimichilo, igutywe kunye ne-cooked cooked from flour flour, kwaye ifakwe phezu kwesikhombisi sokhuni (esingenanto). Emva kokuba ubuninzi obufunekayo bufunyenwe, into engenanto kunye nekhadibhodi ichongiwe kwi-press ekhethekileyo. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe loxinzelelo bajika baba ngamatye ahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Ukuxinwa ngale ndlela, i-gluing isomile kwiqondo lokubanda kweeklasi malunga neveki ezimbini. Emva koko, iibhanti ezomileyo ziyancishiselwa ukuba zibe ngumhla kwioli edibeneyo yokufudumala, emva koko zomile iintsuku ezine kwi-oven ekhethekileyo, iqondo lokushisa eligcinwa kwi-120 ^° C. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukusila kwaye ugaye i-billet. Emva kokugaya, iindawo ezininzi ze-lacquer ezimnyama zisetyenziselwa kumgangatho wayo wangaphandle, kunye ne-lacquer ye-oyile kunye ne-cinnamar isetyenziswe kumgangatho ongaphakathi. Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, yonke indawo iguqulwe ngamacandelo amaninzi e-varnish ecacileyo. Emva kokusebenzisa uluhlu ngalunye, umsetyenzana womsebenzi womekile kwiqondo lokushisa elithile kwi-oven. Emva kokuba zonke ezi zinto zenziwe ngumculi uya kukwazi ukuqala ukupenda.

Iinkqubo kunye nezobugcisa

Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, enye yezinto ezichasayo ze-lacquer encinci yepeyinti ye-Palekh yileta enemibala yeqanda leqanda. Ukukhusela iipaliti ukusuka ekuhlahleni ukusuka kwindawo epholileyo yokugcoba, iphathwa ngokukodwa ngamatye epumice. Umgca we-draw drawing will be applied to the product nge pencil ecacileyo, kwaye ukugqithiswa kwe-overpainting kwenziwa. Kungenxa yakhe kwaye uya kuba yinkosi ukusebenzisa iindawo ezininzi ezibonakalayo ezifihlakeleyo ezifihlakeleyo zokubumba. Kukho izigaba ezihlanu eziphambili zokudala umfanekiso:

1. I-Roskrysh - umgca we-silhouettes kunye nemida.

2. Ukubhalisa - ukucaciswa kweenkcazo kunye nemibala yebala.

3. I-Smelt - ukusetyenziswa kwesicatshulwa esicwecwe esicwecwe kunye ne-smears.

4. I-Blink - inotshi eyenziwe ngegolide edalwe.

5. Ukufakela umzobo ngefayile yegolide.

Emva koko, umhlobiso wegolide uphoswe nge-agate ngendlela yekona okanye izinyo zeengcuka, kwaye ke yonke imveliso ihlanganiswe kunye no-6-7 kweendwangu ze-varnish. Emva kokusebenzisa ngasinye salo, umsebenzi umile, uphosiwe kwivili elithile lokuphosa, kwaye udlule unyango ngokugqiba ngesandla. Ubuso obuqhekekileyo, obuncitshisiweyo ekugqibeleni kwesibuko, unikela umfanekiso obunzulu obunzulu kwaye wenza imibala "iphule" ngokucebile nangomnene.