OIL: isakhiwo, imbali, ukusetyenziswa

Oil - enye ngabameli iklasi ekuphononongeni izimbiwa engamanzi (ukongeza kuye iquka amanzi nokususa). Kufunyenwe igama layo evela wasePersi "ioli." Bekunye ozocerite negesi yendalo okuthathwa iqela kwezimbiwa ekuthiwa petrolytes.

YINTONI yi-oli ngakwicala physics kanye chemistry

Yinto kutyetyiswa, into olunamafutha, umbala kwanokuxinana apho kuyahlukana nedlela indawo kwimveliso. Kusenokuba oluhlaza oqaqambileyo okanye cherry obomvu, otyheli, omdaka, abamnyama, yaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo - enemibala. Le fluidity yeoli kwakhona iyahluka kakhulu: omnye amanzi, enye - a viscous. Kodwa ngazo kunye nezinye ezahlukeneyo kangaka iimpawu ezibonakalayo ukwimo, ngoko ke ukwakhiwa kwawo acid, usoloko ngumxube oluntsonkothileyo hydrocarbon. Kuba nezinye iipropati kunxibelelana ubumdaka - isalfure, nitrogen kunye nezinye iikhompawundi apho ivumba ixhomekeka isikakhulu kwindlela ubukho hydrocarbon ibhedolaki nemixube nesalfure.

Igama lecandelo eziphambili leoli - "hydrocarbon" iintetho alupheli malunga nokubunjwa kwayo. Le into, equka carbon yehayidrojini athom, ifomula ogama jikelele kubhaliwe njenge CxHy. Ummeli elula olu ngcelele methane CH4, ndikho nayiphi na ioli.

Ukubunjwa eziziziqalelo yeoli avareji angamelwa njengepesenti ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• 84% carbon
• 14% hydrogen
• 1-3% sulphur
• <1% oxygen
• <1% metal
• <1% ityuwa

IIMPAWU OF OLUGWENXA-oyile negesi

Oyile negesi ngokuqhelekileyo amaqabane, oko kukuthi, bona kunye, kodwa oku kuyinyaniso kuphela kubunzulu kweekhilomitha ukusuka kwisi-1 ukuya ku-6. Uninzi emasimini ukho kule kuluhlu, ukuhlanganiswa oyile negesi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ubunzulu lingaphantsi kwe khilomitha, kukho omnye ioli, kwaye ingande ngeekhilomitha ngaphezulu kwama-6 - igesi kuphela.

Reservoir apho oyile sifunyenwe, ebizwa sokuqokelela. Le iliwa ngokuqhelekileyo aneentunja leyo kunokufaniswa isiponji nzima leyo siwabuthele sizise ioli, igesi, kunye nezinye ulwelo eziphathekayo (umz, amanzi). Enye imfuneko ubukho awo yeoli-ichibi isiciko leyo ethintela ukuhamba olunye ulwelo ngenxa apho yamva itshixiwe ngumgibe. Izazi khangela migibe, nto leyo ke ibizwa amasimi, kodwa akukho ncam igama elifanelekileyo. Ngenxa oyile negesi yavela asezantsi kakhulu ngokwemaleko phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Kwiingcamba ephezulu bavela into yokuba, njengokuba ulwelo ukukhanya badla phezulu. Baya nezwi ekutheni ngaphezulu.

PHI KWAYE NINI OIL oluvelayo

Ukuze siqonde indlela ukuyilwa yeoli, kufuneka engqondweni uye emva kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngokutsho ingcamango biogenic (aka - imfundiso imvelaphi eziphilayo) ukususela kwixesha Carboniferous (iminyaka million 350 BC) bada yee-Paleogene (iminyaka million 50 BC.), Kwiindawo ezininzi amanzi abe kwiziphaluka nzulu organic isidumbu ubomi - otshabalalayo le kwaziwe lisiza ziwe ukuya ezantsi, uyila zikhabane imveliso zomgquba, ezantsi. ngokucothayo kakhulu, ezi zoleko zacinizelwa zavalwa abanye, ezingaphiliyo - neetyuwa zesanti, umzekelo, wawa ngokuhla. Ingcinezelo ukwanda umaleko ukuyigubungela eqina, ukufikelela oxygen imveliso zomgquba, wayengekho. Kulo amnyama phantsi kwempembelelo xi kunye namaqondo inguqu uhlala hydrocarbon ezilula, ezinye zazo zibe yinxalenye sukube - ulwelo ijiye.

Xa ulwelo anikwa ithuba lokuphuma ukusuka ukuyilwa lwabazali, ke weza logama nje musa kuwela kulo mgibe. Nangona kunjalo, lo unyuko nalo ixesha. Ulwelo izibatha ngokuqhelekileyo ziya kusiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: encotsheni igesi, ngoko ioli, yaye emazantsi - amanzi. Oku kungenxa lexinene ngamnye kubo. Ukuba lendlela ayikho fluid-tight kwidama nazo, ukuba wabonakala phezu kwamanzi, apho ukutshatyalaliswa kunye kwelifu. oyile yendalo Amagqabi kumphezulu ngokuqhelekileyo kukho amachibi zamafu semiliquid Malta kunye asphalt, okanye kungenjalo impregnates njengentlabathi, wakha ebizwa ngokuba yi-Sands ioli.

KWABANTU HISTORY OF OIL

oyile imveliso phezu akakwazanga kodwa ukutsala ingqalelo yomntu yamandulo. Kwi nisaqala ukuthandana phantse akukho lwazi, kodwa kwisithuba izinto inkcubeko oyile aphuhliswe kakuhle asetyenziswe ekwakheni - oku kubonisiwe data evela Iraq, apho wafumana ubungqina ngeoli ukukhusela khaya ukufuma. E Egypt, Wasisusa Ukungabinakutsha yeoli, kwaye yasetyenziswa ukukhanyisa. Ngaphezu koko, uye wafumana isicelo nasekuqwayiteni kwaye sealant izikhephe.

Ukuba ezinqabileyo, ioli ube yorhwebo exabisekileyo kumaxesha amandulo: amaBhabhiloni orhweba ngayo kuMbindi Mpuma. Kucingelwa ukuba le urhwebo kuye kwabangela ezininzi kwiidolophu needolophana. Kananjalo kunokwenzeka ukuba i-oyile esetyenzisiweyo kule ekudalweni lomnye 'Wonders of the World "odumileyo - Hanging Gardens waseBhabheli. Apho kwaba luncedo njenge sealant, akundinikanga manzi akubonakali.

I-Chinese lokuqala ngubani abanelisekanga imithombo afikelele komhlaba. Basungula ukubhola, esebenzisa bamboo umngxuma akubangelwa nge metal "omdaka 'ekupheleni. Ekuqaleni, awayeyizondelele imithombo ityuwa nemveliso ityuwa, kodwa emva koko bafumana oyile negesi. Xa kunjalo ke ngumphunga ityuwa - ngomlilo kuyo. Ngomhla ngeoli e China ngelo xesha akukho data.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-oyile endala waphathwa isikhumba salo izifo. Malunga uqheliselo phakathi kubahlali Absheron Peninsula wathi amanqaku Marco Polo.

oyile yokuqala eRashiya okhankanywe kuphela kwinkulungwane XV. Ababhali-mbali baye bafumana izikhombisi kwi oyile engahluzwanga ukuhlanganiswa phezu komlambo Ukhta apho it yakha umboniso phezu kwamanzi. Apho iyaqokelelwa ezenziwe kwalo isiyobisi okanye umthombo ukukhanya - kaninzi ukuba unyango ngokuba izibane.

Isicelo entsha zeoli ziye zafunyanwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX, xa isibane separafini kokusungulwa. It saphuhliswa yi semichiza Polish Ignatiy Lukasevich. Kungenzeka ukuba nabo kwaba Umsunguli indlela nezokukhupha ioli separafini. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa ngaphambi kokuba Canadian Abraham Gesner wenza indlela yokuvelisa separafini evela amalahle, kodwa ukuphuma yeoli yajika inzuzo engaphaya.

Separafini wasetyenziswa ngokubanzi zisasetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa, ngoko imfuno ubukhula rhoqo. Ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba isigqibo umbuzo kwemveliso yawo. Ukuqala ishishini oyile lwaqaliswa ngo-1847 e Baku, apho iqula yokuqala seligrunjiwe, nto leyo ioli. Well kungekudala kwacaca kakhulu kangangokuba Baku kuthiwa Black City.

Kodwa ezo kugrunjwa ngesandla ngxi. I yokuqala ezisukwe kakuhle yi injini umphunga, iqhutywa kumatshini ukubhola, kwabonakala eRashiya ngowe-1864 kummandla Kuban. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, Kudakinskom endle wagqiba kunokwembiwa ngomatshini kahle omnye.

Kwihlabathi zokuqala kwimveliso ye-oyile zoshishino lwaqaliswa yi Edwin Drake ngo-1859 bemba wokuqala apho kwi US ngo Agasti 27 kulo nyaka i oyile kakuhle - yaba nobunzulu kweemitha 21.2 kwaye ibekwe kwidolophu Taytusvil e Pennsylvania, apho phambi kunokwembiwa amaqula nokususa ngokufuthi siyifumene le-oyile.

Oil ukubhola wancipha amaxabiso e-oli kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ngexeshana elifutshane, le mveliso iye kubalulekile ukuba impucuko yanamhlanje. Ngelo xesha nye yaba ukuqala ushishino oyile.

UKUSETYENZISWA OIL

Okwangoku musa ukusebenzisa thina ioli ngohlobo yayo enyulu. Noko ke, kukho izinto ezenziwayo ezininzi ezidingekayo ukuze ihlabathi lethu. Emva ezintlanu zokuqala ujika fuels neyanamhlanje:

• ngenqwelomoya motor nepetroli
• separafini
• propellant
• diesel
• igesi
• amafutha fuel

Iqhezu yamafutha amafutha - umthombo olunye uthotho neyanamhlanje ngakumbi iimveliso:

• itha
• iparafini
• amafutha
• amafutha fuel

Isiphelo ngakumbi yebhitumene - Ixhume luhlalu nesanti ukuvelisa igada. Enye imveliso oyile nesetyenziswa imisebenzi yendlela - a elitshisiweyo, nto leyo mxube zeentsalela yeoli emva neyanamhlanje. Enye amasalela, petroleum coke, ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa ferroalloys kunye electrode.

kushishino Chemical usebenzisa hydrocarbon ezilula njenge feedstock ngenxa esisabela ukuyiguqula iikhompawundi ubisi. Ngenxa yoko iplastiki, irabha, ilaphu, izichumisi, idayi, polyethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene, kwakunye imichiza ezininzi zasekhaya.

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