Imithombo yamandla kwenye indawo Belarus. izixhobo amafutha-eneji Belarus

Ingxaki lokukhula eshotayo amandla alukho namhlanje kwinqanaba ingxaki yotshintsho lwemozulu, yaye, njengoko nisazi, imbali yoluntu - into ibali kumzabalazo imithombo ye-eneji. Le meko ifana kwinkulungwane xxi (umzekelo, imfazwe kuMbindi Mpuma ngenxa ioli). Kodwa kukho ndlela zifanelekileyo zokusombulula ingxaki yokunqaba kukhula kwezixhobo eneji - zemithombo yamandla. E Belarus, le umba mlonyeni kakhulu yaye basebenza ngaphandle ngabasemagunyeni zoluntu.

eneji ehlaziyekayo e Belarus

Isigama yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN) sichaza igama elithi "eneji ehlaziyekayo" kunye nemithombo yayo. Kuba imithombo eneji ehlaziyekayo bathi ilanga, inginginya umoya, amanzi, ukufudumeza komhlaba langaphakathi, biomass, iinkuni, nja-.

Ekubeni Belarus kubonelelwa amandla yawo eqhelekileyo nge-20%, Kakade, kukho imfuneko yokuba imithombo ezinjalo, ukuze kubuyekezelwe ngandlel ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezibonelelo amandla emakhaya.

Ngelo xesha, umba kwemithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo (SEBEN) nto ayipheleli lizwe kunye neengxaki amandla. Umzekelo, amazwe afana eJamani, eSweden, France (kumazwe angaphezu kwama mabini), wadala International Solar Energy Society.

Iingcali ukuqikelela ukuba ngo 2040 imveliso zamandla yehlabathi kwimithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo ezingezo-eqhelekileyo liya kuba yi-82 ekhulwini ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ehlabathini. yehlabathi iyileyo ikekelele negalelo yokuba non-yemveli (enye) imithombo yamandla e Belarus nayo kuye kwakhiwa.

Uphononongo lubonise ukuba amandla ifanelekileyo elanga kweli lizwe, njengoko ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sonyaka, inxenye imozulu yamafu emsebenzini kuyo, yaye omnye kuphela elinamanci amahlanu (nge-avareji) - lisibekele. Uninzi ukusebenza yesikhanyiso iqatshelwe kwisithuba ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya kuSeptemba.

eminye imithombo yamandla - oku ...

Ngaphantsi kwabo ezichazwe njengemithombo non-yokulihlambela, njengoko kunjalo nokusetyenziswa kakuhle awaziwayo ezithandwayo namhlanje energy: oyile, amalahle, ipetroli zenyukliya.

Okokuqala, ilanga, umoya. Ilanga - umthombo inokuthenjwa kunye eco-friendly yamandla, ngokuba inkwenkwezi yethu kusekho izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka. amandla wayo ukuqokelela izixhobo ekuthiwa solar.

Wind njengomthombo wamandla isetyenziswa kakhulu ngokubanzi, ngoko kukulungele kakhulu. Wind amandla asasazwa ikakhulu kumazwe e izibonelelo eneji encinane classical kwaye ucele indawo yokuhlala ecocekileyo. La mazwe ziquka Belarus.

Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa koovimba enkulu ngamaplanga kweli lizwe, iindleko zeziphi na izihlandlo ezine ngaphantsi kwe ukuthunyelwa hydrocarbon.

Belarus kunye namafutha kwakunye namandla alo ezintsonkothileyo

Energy of Belarus (FEC) ayikho ubuninzi ilungelo izibonelelo zakhe zamandla. Kulo mba, urhulumente wenziwe-nkqubo ulondolozo amandla, njengoko kuchazwe zophuhliso amandla zasekuhlaleni kunye yamandla.

Regulator Amandla i Ministry of Energy of Belarus. (Yenziwe ekupheleni kuka-2002) ukuba liqumrhu lolawulo eselula kweli lizwe. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo karhulumente Ithagethi ejoliswe ekuphuculeni ukusebenza ngobuchule kwicandelo amandla zelizwe sele zamkelwe kwaye yaphunyezwa.

Njengoko uMphathiswa wezaMandla of Belarus Vladimir Potupchik uthe ngo-2014 kwiriphabliki ngonyaka ukulondoloza ngaphezu $ 200 ezigidi ngenxa ekunciphiseni amafutha lwamandla, ezenza malunga nesi-70% iindleko zamandla.

Kwixesha elifutshane, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa lezaMandla of Belarus iceba ukuba siwuqwalasele msebenzi ubaluleke - ukudala sikhokelo entsha ngokupheleleyo ukwenzela uphuhliso amafutha kunye namandla entsonkothileyo, ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zamkelekile ngokokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ezi zicwangciso abhalwe kwi "Guidelines for nkqubo lwamandla weRiphabliki Belarus kwisithuba kwada-2020".

Ngokukodwa, uxwebhu okanye ekujongwe siseko ilandelayo nokusebenza amafutha kunye namandla complex:

• nokuqinisa ulondolozo amandla;
• ukhathalelo lwendalo;
• ukuqinisa uphando imithombo yamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziphumo zayo;
• uphuhliso lamandla amancinane;

RB energy

kwemithombo amafutha kunye namandla e Belarus ayikho iindidi okukhulu; ziquka umgquba (fuel), i-oli kunye negesi (ezinxulumene), iinkuni kunye nezinye bafumanisa kwe namawaka alithoba yesibambiso afanayo kwi kwiriphabliki .. Okwangoku ayisafani kuphela ikota loovimba engqiniweyo zepetroli.

Inyaniso yokuba isabelo yengonyama yesibambiso ngayo umgquba kukuba kwimimandla phantsi kwezolimo okanye ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo, ukwenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu iidipozithi ibingakholeleki.

Imali ye-oyile negesi ezinxulumene ezifumaneka Pripyat kumkhombe. Fields esafunyanwa 1956. Nezokukhupha ezi zibonelelo kube inkxalabo "Belneftekhim". Noko ke, ngokutsho iingcali, ezo nkalo iya kuba yanele kuphela iminyaka 30-35. Nangona kunjalo, xa ucinga nethemba kwimveliso ye-oyile negesi e Orsha kunye Brest misinga, kodwa ukude ngokwaneleyo.

amahlathi Ubutyebi ivumela Belarus ukuqhuba iinkuni esembindini kunye nenkunkuma imithi. Kodwa imiqulu zezi zibonelelo zincinci kangangokuba amandla imfuneko kwiriphabliki enikiweyo ngaphantsi kwe-15%. Abanye yenziwe yi amandla ngaphandle, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uqoqosho Belarusian izisulu kakhulu. Kwimeko enjalo ke kunyanzeleke ukuba ukuthobela nje kuphela indlela ezonga umbane, kodwa kunzima ukukhangela imithombo yamandla kunokwenzeka.

amandla Alternative

iye ivele amandla ezizezinye ngaphambili kakhulu kunokuba malunga kwensimbi yakhe kwanyanzeleka yonke bathethe. Abantu, kuquka Belarusians, esebenzisa amandla elanga, amandla amanzi, umoya iimfuno zabo-eneji olumandla ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabini eyadlulayo. Kodwa ke, le mithombo azithathwa ukuba abe yinto ekhethekileyo. Ubuntu waphila ngokuvisisana egqibeleleyo nendalo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukulinganisela kwaso. Ukusetyenziswa amalahle zendalo njengoko amandla omoya, amanzi bayisile ematyeni, amaplanga ngenxa ekugawuleni imithi, wayebhula izityalo nkqu ekuveliseni namalaphu.

Belarus uye sele zifakiwe imveliso "njengephiko" kunye "vodyakov", nenokuthi kuba zombini zokubhala kunye mobile. Abazange kufuneka idama ekhethekileyo, oko engenabungozi kwindalo. A "injini zomoya" kufuneka abekwe naphi na, kodwa kwakukho kamnandi. imithombo yamandla enjalo, kwanokuba i 'thumela "of Belarus, apho abathengi babe eRashiya naseUkraine.

Modern Belarus of eminye imithombo energy izitishi kuphela elinesibini encinane ngamanzi amandla (mashishini). izazinzulu Belarusian ezibandakanyekayo kunye namaxesha eSoviet Union amandla isityalo omoya (turbines), ngoko nantoni yokhuphiswano kwaye wadala. Ubungqina enokunceda njenge "Vetromash" Zaslavl apho ii-injini zomoya ziboniswa, efana nophuhliso yasentshona isiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo, oko kudala kuphelelwa.

Ngelo xesha, yamandla phantsi kwizithintelo ezithile ngurhulumente:-Agasti 19, 2015 ngengqibo uMongameli Belarus kumiselwe iinkqubo quota kunye eminye imithombo yamandla. Imiqathango ephathelele izityalo zizonke amandla yombane kummandla Belarus. Le mimiselo isebenza kubo bonke abafuna ukuba ukuzibandakanya yamandla, kuquka iinkampani amazwe.

amanzi Belarusian amandla

Tshintsha imeko amafutha kunye namandla ezimbaxa kwisuntswana Belarus (iindleko eziphezulu kwezimbiwa zokubasa, ukuhla komgangatho wemo engqongileyo, yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba bathathe izibophelelo ezithile ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa eziyingozi, kunye nabanye.) Kwabangela imfuneko ukuhlaziya iimbono icandelo loshishino eseleyo amandla kweli lizwe. Enye yezi ndawo kwaba umbane. E Belarus, njengoko nisazi, unguye Dnipro River, Western Dvina kunye Neman. Ihamba ngendlela yeArabha, kodwa kwezinye iindawo engqongwe iibhanki omkhulu, nezinyuko. Konke oku sikhatshwa kulwakhiwo ephehla ugesi ngamanzi, ngelo ezikhoyo namhlanje ukunqongophala oyile, amalahle, igesi kunika ithuba ebalulekileyo ukunciphisa kuyo. amandla ezizezinye avele kwicandelo amandla Belarus.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iKhabhinethi yabaPhathiswa Belarus iphumeze inkqubo karhulumente ukuze kwakhiwe ephehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, kwacetywa ukwakha isikhululo samandla ngamanzi kwi Neman (ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwisixeko Grodno), Western Dvina (Verkhnedvinsk, Beshenkovichi, Vitebsk kunye Polotsk).

Dnepr eyiyeyona icotha kakhulu lomlambo, yayigqalwa ngenxa ukwakhiwa ephehla ugesi ngamanzi kule ethubeni yokugqibela. Ngo-2020, ulwakhiwo awayecwangcisiwe ezisezantsi-amandla izikhululo zamandla ngamanzi ezine, kuquka Orsha, Shklov, Mogilev kunye Rechitsa.

Ngokufa ukhohliwe

The Republic of Belarus kwenzeka xa bebonke abangaphezu kwama amabini amawaka imilambo ezincinane, ubude ama-90 amawaka. Km. Kwaye le mveliso amandla elikhulu isetyenziswa yi% 3 kuphela.

Le resource iqale ukuba kusetyenziswa 50. izitishi zamandla ngamanzi amancinci kwakhiwa kweli lizwe. Le yokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1954 Osipovichi kwisikhululo samandla ngamanzi phezu komlambo Svisloch. amandla ayo kuphela 2.25 MW. Hi ndlela leyi, yena nangoku ukusebenza namhlanje.

Nangona kunjalo, kuba-60 kunyaka th wamanzi ezincinane yadlula kwendlela ngenxa ukuvela kweenkqubo kwamandla karhulumente. kumthengi zasemaphandleni udluliselwe kwinkqubo enamandla entsha, kunye nemfuneko izityalo lombane ezincinane ayengasekho ngokwayo.

Kule nkalo, uninzi izityalo ezakhiwe mveliso amancinane kuyekiswa, njengoko iindleko waba izinto eziphakamileyo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ekupheleni 80s e Belarus kukho ezintandathu kuphela kwisikhululo samandla ngamanzi, nto leyo eveliswa kunyaka phezu nje 18 million kW.

Kodwa kamva ubomi wajika amandla mveliso omncinci (SHP). Kulo mzekelo, le mithombo yamandla e Belarus kwaba lula ukufumana, ubuyisa kuyekiswa ngaphambili, kwakunye ngokwakha SHPP entsha. Akudingi lwezikhukula ukulima.

Unako ukusebenzisa ezinye ezigcina amanzi, hayi amandla, injongo, ezi ke ziyafumaneka imilambo ezincinane. Apha kufanelekile kulwakhiwo HPPs encinane umthamo 6000 kW, ngoxa lobuyiso kwi mali kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwezintandathu.

Abameli "green" qinisekisa kungekho nawuphi na umthwalo inxalenye HPPs ezincinane kokusingqongileyo.

amagunya Belarusian kwacetywa 2020 ukuya kabini amandla lilonke ephehla ugesi ngamanzi. Kule meko, ukuba nomdla ethile ekwakheni lwezityalo lombane encinane kweli lizwe ebonisa abatyali amazwe, abo bathathe i-78,4% ukwenzela ukwakhiwa ngeendleko ezincinane amandla.

Wind iyaqhubeka ukukhonza umntu

Wind amandla e Belarus kunegalelo ngesisombululo iingxaki ezininzi umbane izinto ezincinane izithuba tight. Ngoko ke umbuzo wokusetyenziswa amandla khona umoya ihlala efanelekileyo ukuba amafutha kunye namandla entsokothileyo kwiriphabliki.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, eli lizwe phendla malunga 1840 iindawo ukubeka kwephiko lomoya okanye ifama yomoya ufakelo. Oku ikakhulu iinduli ukuya kwiimitha 80, ngaphezulu apho isantya somoya ifikelela kweemitha ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu ngomzuzwana.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nkqubo ezikwiingingqi Minsk, Grodno, Mogilev kunye Vitebsk. Samanzi umoya unamandla (1.5 MW) Grabniki isebenza abahlali bale lali (kwingingqi Hrodna). kwiziko lesithili Novogrudok ndawo inika iphiko umbane, ephethwe ngurhulumente (enye kuphela elolu hlobo). Ukuba sihlelwe ukufaka omnye turbines zomoya ezintlanu.

Le paki yonke Kucetywa ukwakha turbines kwilali kwisithili Luzhische, Oshmiany. Ulwakhiwo lwenziwa ngeendleko-mali kwaye kuya kuqhubeka kude kube 2020.

indlu eco

Le mbono abantu iquka isakhiwo, umbane oluqhutywa kuphela ngeendleko eminye imithombo yamandla.

amandla ezizezinye ikhaya lungafumaneka ukuhamba kwelanga, umoya, ngenxa micro ulungiselo biomass ukuvelisa biogas.

Noko ke, Ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga umdla kulwenziwo kwikhaya nokusingqongileyo, ezinye yenze izilungiso kakhulu ukuba izicwangciso ukuba umnini propati. Okokuqala, kubiza: elanga kubaqokeleli, ufakelo, ulawulo nolondolozo iya kuxabisa imali eninzi (ibhetri elanga 3 kW kuba ikhaya avareji liya kuxabisa amawaka 15 euro).

Ukanti ezinye umdla zizindlu ezakhiwe indlela ebizwa ngokuba "nakubugcisa elanga". kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba le ndlu kufuneka ummandla eliseluphahleni emazantsi apho - ubuncinane 100 m ^2. Kulo mzekelo, le ndlu kufuneka abe ngama kwekomkhulu Belarus. Oku kwanele nokuba ukufudumeza isithuba ebusika.

Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa enjalo amandla elanga ukuba ifumene ingqalelo eyaneleyo kwi Belarus. Ngeli xesha, kulo mgaqo, isakhiwo enye kuphela sakhiwe - i-German International Iziko leMfundo. Ngelo xesha, ukwakha izibonelelo ezifana linokuwehlisa ukusetyenziswa ubushushu ku-80 kWh / m ² ngonyaka ngamnye.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-injini zomoya unika indlu ithuba elifanayo yokuba ubume eco-friendly. Kodwa asimele silibale ukuba Belarus isantya somoya umlinganiselo hayi ngaphezulu kwe-5 m / s, kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo iinkqubo zale mihla zifuna isantya ukuya kwi-10 m / s. Ngoko ke, ukuba iingcali, umoya ephendulwa efakiweyo kweli lizwe, uya kubuyekezwa kuphela emva kweminyaka engamashumi amane.

Noko ke, konke oku kusebenza umbane, kodwa eneji ehlaziyekayo kwelanga usenokuba isetyenziswe kwikhaya labucala ngokohlobo izifudumezi-manzi zesola. Le nkqubo iyasebenza kakhulu, oku komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni imozulu kunye neemeko zemozulu. Ingasetyenziswa nokuba ngokuyinxenye shushu igumbi. On top of ukuba udla watts ngaphantsi kwe 45 neendleko amawaka 3.8. Euros (kuquka ufakelo). ukubuyela kwi investment ayikho iminyaka engaphezu kwemine.

isiphelo

Ngelishwa, imithombo yamandla e Belarus (hayi kuphela) namhlanje nakwixesha elizayo akayi kuba nako endaweni ngokupheleleyo imithombo yamandla yemveli.

amandla elanga akanako ukuba abe ngumthombo onjalo kwi isikali lezoshishino ngesizathu esilula - lexinene eliphantsi wobhobhozayo amandla elanga. Ngenxa yokuba Belarus unembinana nje kuphela yesithathu yonyaka kukho ilanga, izibalo zibonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-30% ye-lizwe kufuneka anikwe isityalo amandla elanga ukuhlangabezana nemfuno bombane. Kodwa phantsi le meko kufuneka ayisayi kulityalwa ukuba ezi izibalo ezenziwe zaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukusebenza lwezikhululo yi-100%. Enyanisweni, namhlanje limi kuma-ezilishumi elinesihlanu ekhulwini ngalinye.

Kubonakala ukuba, ngokwenene, phantsi isityalo amandla elanga uya kufuna indawo yonke nemimandla of Belarus kunye nabamelwane yayo ithi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza geliostantsy zifuna iindleko ezinkulu.

A efanayo ikhona kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla omoya, imilambo, imithombo okuvela.