Ngubani Kwabonakala Poincare theorem

Anri Puankare - enye French izazinzulu edume lonke ixesha. Ngexesha lakhe, wakwazi ukuphumeza lukhulu. Ukongeza, wenza lukhulu obafunyanwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ulwazi, naye afundiswe Sorbonne kwaye ulilungu le-French Academy of Sciences, yaye ukususela 1906 de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1912 waba ngumongameli wayo iminyaka emininzi. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje edumileyo ngempumelelo yakhe uthathwa ukuba theorem Poincare, nto leyo abangqine Grigori Perelman.

imizamo yokuzibonakalisa

Izazinzulu ezininzi iminyaka emininzi benza isifundo theorem, kodwa baba nempumelelo kuphela ngabantu abambalwa. Omnye mpumelelo wenza umphengululi American Thurston. Eli umsebenzi wakhe kuxhomekeke yokuba wakwazi ukuzekelisa abangaboniyo ukwahluka amasuntswana moya-ntathu. Imisebenzi igama Thurston geometrization liyavumelana, kodwa ngenxa yakhe, yena wawongwa ye Molteno Fields.

A ezimbalwa izazinzulu Chinese nomdla kwinto ukuba bumbi theorem Poincare. Phakathi kwabo ivelele Shin Tung Yau, ngubani wada wenza ingxelo yokuba yena nabafundi bakhe bakwazi ukuyenza loo nto.

umsebenzi Perelman kaThixo

Grigoriy Perelman wabonakalisa Poincare theorem emva kweminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi onzima kuyo. Waqalisa izifundo zakhe, ngoxa eMelika, apho ixesha elide into emandiyenze kwiiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo. Emva kwentlanganiso yakhe yokuqala kunye nofundiswayo American Hamilton, ngubani eyamncedayo ukucacisa ezinye iinkalo ze theory string, wacinga malunga ubungqina theorem. Emva kwexesha elithile, wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele lakhe lokuzalwa eSt Petersburg, apho ngenyameko ukucwangcisa ukusebenza.

Ngowe-2002, Perelman othumele inxalenye yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe waza wathumela ukuba ikopi Shin Yau Tong, ukuze amnike uvavanyo njongo. Nditsho ke, ihlabathi lwenzululwazi, oko kwazeka ukuba Poincare theorem. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, Perelman liye lapapasha amanqaku amabini apho umsebenzi wakhe ngendlela eya ngqo kakhulu.

Kwihlabathi kwizifundo ezenziwe ukuze phambi kokuba wenze ingxelo esemthethweni malunga nokuvulwa, kufuneka uqinisekise inani oosonzululwazi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke kuphela umsebenzi zingashicelelwa ngokusemthethweni. Phambi kokuba ubungqina yapapashwa, Perelman Poincare theorem yaba amaxesha amaninzi phantsi uhlolo, yaye lo msebenzi nzima yokuba wasebenzisa inani elikhulu emanxebani yaye kwakukho ingcaciso encinane ukuba umsebenzi omkhulu onjalo. Noko ke, emva komzuzwana, kwaye waqonda ukuba Perelman wakwazi ukuyisombulula le ngxaki, nto leyo yokulwela ukuba izizukulwana ezininzi izazinzulu.

Imbasa Fields

Eli bhaso linikwa kanye kuphela qho emva kweminyaka emine, akukho ngaphezu izazinzulu ezine abenze igalelo elivakalayo isifundo lwemathematika. Waye bawongwa Perelman ngo-2006 ngenxa ubungqina the Poincare liyavumelana, kodwa, Isimanga, wamnika i bhaso libaluleke kangaka yaye wayengekho kule ntetho. Ngokutsho ingcali yenzululwazi, kuba akukho iimbeko ebalulekileyo, uye wazisa bekumnandi into yokuba kukho ubungqina hypothesis.

Poincaré imfihlakalo ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi, kodwa yinto yezibalo lukhuni Russian wayekwazi ukwenza izigqibo zayo ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo ixesha elide ngokuthi abantu lesayensi liphela.