Nesazi British Ayris Merdok: engobomi, ubuchule kunye iifoto

Omnye wababhali inkulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 Britain Ayris Merdok washiya ihlabathi inani kweenoveli ezibalaseleyo, apho iya kubonisa ngaphezu kwesinye isizukulwana abafundi. Yonke ukuphila kwakhe enikelwe uncwadi. indlela yakhe kwakungelula, kwafuneka ilishiye kobunzima obuninzi, ingakumbi ekupheleni kobomi.

Imvelaphi kunye nabantwana

Ayris Merdok wazalwa ngoJulayi 15, 1919 kummandla Fibsboro capital Ireland kaThixo, Dublin. wafika uyise wayo kwintsapho waseRhabe ukuba abandakanyeke iigusha lokuzala. Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yena cavalryman, yaye kamva waba ngumkhonzi yoluntu. Umama Iris waba yimvumi opera, weza evela intsapho IsiNgesi. Abazali bahlangana e Dublin yaye satshata apho ngo-1918. Emva konyaka ke wazala intombi, waba umntwana kuphela kusapho. Ngowe-1920, Murdoch usapho wafudukela eLondon (uyise kunobhala endaweni-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMpilo), apho wachitha esengumntwana umbhali elizayo. Noko ke, Iingcambu zayo Irish bazenzela impilo yakhe yonke, iingxaki Ireland zazisoloko iris abasenyongweni. ebuntwaneni Murdoch kaThixo wavuya kunene, wathi ukuba intsapho yakhe yaba "emnye ogqibeleleyo wothando."

ukubunjwa

imfundo Primary Ayris Merdok iphumelele sesikolo co-emfundo ezizimeleyo Roehampton. Emva koko wayefunda esikolweni wamantombazana 'e Bristol, apho wafundisa "inenekazi elincinane". Ngowe-1938, wabhalisela e Somerville College, Oxford University, kuqala ekhosini ulwimi IsiNgesi, kodwa kamva wafudukela iklasi antique kwaye yaseBritani, kuqukwa abo benza eklasini E. Frenkel ngembali Agamemnon. Kwakhona bazimasa intlanganiso yokuxoxa malunga bulumko, apho afunda wakhe uDonald McKinnon. Ngowe-1942 uye waphumelela kwikholeji iimbeko, wamkela nezidanga degree 1.

Ukuqala ubomi abadala

Ukuqhubeka imfundo Iris kuthintele imfazwe. Emva college, waqalisa ukusebenza kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali. Kodwa ngowe-1944, Murdoch waya kusebenza kwi UN, kuqala ibe kunobhala wenkundla ngoko kwinkampu yeembacu kweli lizwekazi. Wayesebenza kwiziko yesiqhelo UN de 1946.

Ngowe-1947 Ayris Merdok waba umfundi kwesidanga Newnham College, kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, apho wayefunda bulumko. Waze waba ithuba lokudibana Wittgenstein, kodwa ukuphulaphula iintetho zakhe, yena akazange waba ixesha: sobulumko waya kusebenza kwenye kwikholeji.

ukufundisa

Ukususela ngo-1948, Ayris Merdok uqalisa kwikhondo lobutitshala. Yena ufumana bulumko nokufundisa College of St. uAnne Oxford University. Lo msebenzi wanika iminyaka eli-15 yobomi bakhe. Oxford waba ikamva lakhe lenyani: apha kwakukho iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe. Ngowe-1963, wayesele esaziwa umbhali, waya kusebenza kwi-Royal College of Art kwiSebe Studies Jikelele, apho waqhubeka ukufundisa bulumko. Ngowe-1967, washiya imisebenzi nokufundisa yesiqhelo, umda kuphela izifundo ngamaxesha kubafundi.

Yemifuniselo zokuqala zoncwadi

Bhala Murdoch yaqala emva kwexesha kakhulu. inoveli yakhe yokuqala, "Phantsi Net" wabonakala ngo-1954. Noko ke, kulunge ngaphakathi isiko IsiNgesi kwaloo minyaka: umbhali odumileyo Dzhon Faulz waqalisa yobuciko zabo zoncwadi kwiminyaka 37, uWilliam Golding - ngo 45. Murdoch ekuqaleni nje umsebenzi oyithandayo. Wabhala ke ukuba inoveli "Phantsi Net", kodwa amalinge yakhe yokuqala zoncwadi abazange thaca kuluntu. Umsebenzi wakhe uye wadala imiqathango lokubhala waqalisa ukubhala iincwadi ezifana imizekeliso zobugcisa ukuya postulates bulumko. I inoveli lokuqala ngu Ayris Merdok, ncomo kuzo eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka isa- ukuya Ukuphika ebukhali, Yindibanisela entsonkothileyo-bulumko kunye isithethe kwinoveli picaresque. Le ncwadi, ngokutsho iphephancwadi Ixesha, 100 nanto IsiNgesi iinoveli zonke xesha. I inoveli "Phantsi umnatha" yaba umsebenzi kuphela ahlekisayo umbhali, liye lavela iimpawu eziphambili indalo boncwadi elizayo Ayris Merdok.

indlela creative

Ekubeni liqalise kwindlela yoncwadi, Murdoch indulumbane phezu kwakhe ngokuzithemba futhi ufeze. Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini emva kokuba amava lokuqala oluphemeleleyo ilindele inoveli yakhe yesibini "Balekelani ukusuka bili." Xa iinoveli lwabaphandi 50-60s ukufumana impembelelo enkulu ifilosofi ebomini. Le ekupheleni 60s yabalasela kwakhululwa uthotho iincwadi, apho abaphandi ebizwa ngokuba 'iinoveli imfihlelo kukududuzela "," Le Ixesha Iingelosi "," i-Italian, "" intloko "," Inyathi ". Baya Murdoch iphanda iimpembelelo kwi neminqweno yabantu yingozi. Comic line waqhubeka Ayris Merdok inoveli "Wild Rose". Yayibonisa mkhulu umbhali italente realist, ogama izithethe bathiwa ngenxa ezakudala zoncwadi IsiNgesi. Le noveli ubalisa ibali uthando, inkululeko kunye nomtshato, Murdoch iphanda ubudlelwane phakathi la. Ngowe-1974, incwadi 4 part-umboniso for television yaseMelika zadalwa. 70s baqalisa Murdoch ixesha lokuvuthwa abe ngumbhali. Ijolise ukuqhubeka isithethe Shakespeare, ibe ngobuwena engumzekelo okulungileyo. Umbhali obhaptiza umfundi kwi poetics imidlalo kwaye kudala nentsingiselo yalo yokusongela kaShakespeare. Xa "Shakespeare" umjikelo kweenoveli ziquka "The Black iNkosana", "Ingxaki Jackson," yaye "Ulwandle." heroes Shakespeare kwi Murdoch ukufumana ingcaciso entsha kunye nenguqu ekhangela ukulunga kunye nenjongo ebomini. Le weyisa umbhali kunye hero kunye umfundi, yaye bona. 80 Ubuchule luphawulwa ukukhula ekuqaleni komdlalo, umbhali owakha inoveli xa rebus, apho intsingiselo hayi kwi khowudi kuphela amanqaku sebali ezahlukeneyo kunye nokugoba, kodwa ifihlwe ezidibeneyo kweekowuteshini, usingiselo, ezibhekisela kwezinye izicatshulwa. inoveli Ayris Merdok "School of isidima" ngo-1985 kusekelwe umlinganiswa ukusuka psychoanalyst ayithanda kakhulu, ngubani na naye bili kunye idemon, indoda yababephethwe iinkanuko. Le noveli kuthiwa sisiqalo "a Murdoch omtsha" non-bulumko, nangona kwaqhubeka ezininzi imixholo zokudala wangaphambili. Kule ncwadi iqala engaqhelekanga yombhali yayisetyenziselwa, zonqulo. isiphelo yakhe happy kubonakala engenangqondo ngokomxholo ilifa eliqhelekileyo zombhali. Iinoveli minyaka ulahlekelwe infinite charm iprozi Murdoch, bona ngakumbi ekuqaleni moralistic. inoveli yakhe yokugqibela incwadi "byi Jackson kaThixo" ngo-1992.

Umphezulu bobuchule

Ngokwemveli ingqalelo the best Ayris Merdok inoveli "The Black Prince". Le ncwadi yapapashwa ngo-1973 yaye libhekisela kwixesha echumayo zombhali. Le ncwadi otolikayo zombhali ibali Hamlet, ochwepheshe attribute ngayo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-othi "kaPlato". "Black Prince" olukhohlisayo, isakhiwo semvelo bemiqondiso kunye necandelo osisityebi bulumko. Elukhuni ukwakheka ibali kudityaniswe inani elikhulu ukukhanya uTshawe, konke oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima le ncwadi, kodwa ke imincili kakhulu ukufunda. Murdoch akafuni ukunceda umfundi afumane intsingiselo yakhe yenoveli ngoko ke kubonakala iinketho eziliqela ukuze unyango. Le ncwadi ngomdla ezifunyanwa abagxeki, wachongwa ukuba Booker Prize kunye lawongwa ngebhaso James Tait. Ukuze ibinzana ephezulu italente kwakhona Murdoch zibandakanya iinoveli "Dream Bruno", "I-Sea, uLwandle" yaye "Abantwana eli gama." Le ncwadi kuphakamisa imisonto ebalulekileyo umbhali esibujonga ngayo ubomi, iimvakalelo kunye neenkanuko ebomini, ingxaki kwenkululeko.

bulumko

Ayris Merdok wayesebenza yonke bulumko ubomi bakhe. umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, yena ubhala ngendlela wefilosofi. Ngowe-1953 wabhala incwadi kwi Sartre. Emva ekuqalekeni indlela gqitha bulumko ngayo ebomini kunye neenoveli bayo xesha okuqala "Balekelani ukusuka benza umlingo" yaye "Inyathi" kuxhotyiswa kunye nezimvo le meko. Nempembelelo gqitha kuyo, ngokutsho abaphandi, le ncwadi J.-P. "Isicaphucaphu" Sartre yaye "The Wall". Uninzi lwamanqaku zayo ziye zanikelwa ukuba uhlalutyo amadlala Kant Wittgenstein ngayo iimbono. ixesha ebalulekileyo yobomi bakhe yaqhutywa phantsi umqondiso uPlato, ngubani owamkhuthazayo ukuba ukucinga ubudlelwane phakathi nokwenzekayo engekhoyo, xa zikhangela ubomi yokuziphatha. Ukufuna zeziFundo yokuziphatha iye ebhudla kwinoveli "Indoda kwiingozi." Ayris Merdok iphanda kuyo ingxaki yoxanduva yokuziphatha kwalo mntu phambi kwabanye, kodwa asebenzise ifomu ebhalwe yokungeniswa. Kwiminyaka yakhe kamva, uye waphindela ekubhaleni imisebenzi yentanda yaye babhala "ezikhona njenge Guide for yokuziphatha" yaye "Le existentialists kunye eyimfihlakalo" sfomulirovala apho iimbono zakho nokuziphatha.

bamxolele

Ngethuba yokubhala lomsebenzi kunyaka-40 kunye neenoveli ezibalaseleyo Iris Murdoch yakuba ifunyenwe amabhaso kunye amabhaso. Yena waye wachongwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye owazuza le Booker iBhaso (ngokuba inoveli yakhe "I-Sea, uLwandle"). Ngowe-1987 Murdoch wawongwa isihloko Wawongwa Professor of Oxford. Ngowe-1988 yena wawongwa bhaso libaluleke kangaka kaShakespeare. Kwakhona yanikezelwa ngowe-1989 udidi eliphezulu ndingumthetheli British Empire Ladies. Ukutyhubela ebomini, ukufunda izifundo yekhethelo ngaphezu kwama-20 kwiiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ngowe-1997, uye wafumana ibhaso yekhethelo "Golden Pen" ukuba iinkonzo zakhe uncwadi IsiNgesi.

impilo Personal

Ngenxa oselula Iris wasinda idrama ezimbini ezinkulu buqu: ebudeni bemfazwe wabulala ezimbini babemthanda indoda yakhe - uFrank Thompson kunye Frants Shtayner. Ngoko ke, kangangexesha elithile wayengakwazi uyibophelele ukuthandana. Ekuqaleni nenani-50 ngo-Oxford Ayris Merdok, ogama engobomi uthi yena waphila ubomi bakhe kule ekhampasini, wadibana nogxa Dzhonom Beyli. Yena waba ngumfundisi, umgxeki loncwadi, umbhali, Murdoch and Bailey ezini- eqhelekileyo. Ngowe-1956, baza batshata baza bahlala kunye de ekufeni kwakhe Iris. Emva kokufa kwakhe, Bailey wabhala incwadi malunga Iris, apho movie yodumo yathathwa, wafumana "Oscars" eziliqela. Noko ke, biographers kunye nabahlobo Murdoch akathandanga kule ncwadi, esithi ukuba unalo Bill kunye ubaxo izibakala. Kubomi bakhe lobuqu umbhali ikhangeleka uthotho iinoveli namadoda namabhinqa. Njengokuba kude njengoko oku ingqamana nyaniso - ayaziwa. Njengoko kwakunye wayengasiqondi isizathu sokuba esi sibini engafumani bantwana. Bailey umisa ukuba oku Iris wayengafuni ukuba abe ngunina, kunye nabahlobo bakhe bathi ukuba isigqibo kaYohane.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ayris Merdok, ogama iincwadi zibonakaliswa yi uluntu ehlabathini, wahlaselwa sisifo sika-Alzheimer kule minyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe. Sagcina walahlekelwa amandla memory for umsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni, wayengakwazi ukuzinakekela. Zonke amaxhala malunga umyeni wakhe wathabatha phezu, awayezama lula ubomi bakhe waza wamnika kwikhaya lokonga. February 8, 1999 Ayris Merdok wafa.

Memory namagugu

Bhala ukuba ushiye ilifa kweenoveli 26 ezahlukeneyo ukuba ayizanga ingene igama lakhe kuluhlu lwe ababhali kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ayris Merdok inoveli "The Black Prince" iqukiwe kwikharityhulam kwiyunivesithi phantse zonke iiyunivesithi kule ncwadi ehlabathini. Ngomhla ubomi iincwadi ezininzi Iris kwathiwa, usebenza ambalwa iyaqhutywa.