Meaning imithi, ukwakheka, iimpawu, iimpawu kunye nesakhiwo. Wood - yintoni na le nto?

Umntu usebenzisa iinkuni ukususela kwixesha lakudala. Amafutha, izixhobo zokwakha, ifenitshala, izixhobo zomculo - amanqaku iinkuni ihambe nathi ngonaphakade. Ukongeza, imithi - i khalenda yendalo nephilayo iziza zembali.

Kukho isebe lonke kwinzululwazi - dendrochronology, ekuvumela ukuba ukwazi engu lwemveliso, yaye apho ndawo wagawulwa phantsi umthi, kwenziwe kuzo. Ukufunda amacandelo emakhonkcweni zonyaka, uyakwazi ukufunda ngendalo kunye nomoya amaxesha amandulo. Ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, ubume iinkuni njenge iipropati izinto zokwakha - zonke ezi imiba bafanelwe ingqalelo.

isebenza njani

Iimpawu kunye neempawu umbandela lungenakuqondeka ngaphandle kuqala ngokuhlola isakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa womthi. Kanye lengcinga kuxhomekeke oyisebenzisayo. Kuba umntu avareji kwaye umakhi isiqendwana kuphela iinkuni ngaphantsi amaxolo, enokusetyenziselwa ekhayeni okanye emsebenzini. Kuba Botany isakhiwo iinkuni kunye iinkuni - oku yonke oluxandileyo, ebandakanya zonke izinto ukususela ezingcanjini ukuya elukakayini.

Crohn esetyenziswa kwishishini kancinane, kunye namasebe njengoko feedstock ukuze fibreboard nekhadibhodi enokuhlaziyeka. Ukubaluleka engundoqo esiqwini. Kwi sakhiwo cross-wecandelo kwamehlo buti iinkuni. Umaleko oneziqhamo - le uthinte, ukhusela iiseli abahlala kwimpembelelo yangaphandle. Phakathi amaxolo kunye nebhunga elisisiqu umaleko aphilayo - isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe. Entliziyweni ngalo umphanda eyipasile engundoqo. inyama ubengo kuyo kuyo, wenze ukuba akafanelekanga kusetyenziselwa iinjongo ngevangeli.

iinkuni core ubunjwe isikakhulu iiseli kwabafileyo, intlaka iidiphozithi bokudaya kunye arhente bed. Isiqalo singqongwe ethambileyo - inxalenye umthi, nenoxanduva ukuthwala amanzi emagqabini ukusuka ezingcanjini. Ngako oko, kukho eninzi ukufuma, kuba amanzi ngakumbi gingci ngokomelela nokubola. kernel kuthiwa ayikho yonke imithi. Kwezinye kubo akukho mahluko phakathi embindini kunye ongaphandle umphanda. rocks ezinjalo kuthiwa ethambileyo.

Isakhiwo ngemikroskopu iinkuni

Ukusebenzisa neemicroscope, sikhangele nzulu kubume. Wood iquka abangama-iiseli abafileyo ulusu. iiseli Young kwezityalo kubandakanya kwiqokobhe kunye ingxenye engaphakathi - ukuba kukho icytoplasm kunye isiqalo. Ngokusekelwe inwebu obhityileyo ngaphaya yi neselulosi okanye kwincindi. Nge ayaguquka kwaye, kuxhomekeke kwindlela esebenza ngayo, eziguqulelwe kwi ubunzima okanye uthinte (probkovanie) okanye iiseli amaplanga (lignification) sisityalo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Iiseli kwakhiwa ngokuqhubekayo lignin. Nguye lo isizathu lignification. Kwabiwe ziintlobo ezimbini zeeseli enemithi - prozenhimnye kunye parenchymal. Uhlobo lokuqala amaplanga bulk, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo - 85% ukuya ku-99%. Nabo, bahlukene kwimisebenzi yabo. iiseli Conductive banoxanduva ukuthunyelwa izondlo komisa kweengcambu amagqabi, mechanical - kuba amandla kunye nozinzo emthini. iiseli Parenchymal enze umsebenzi indawo yokugcina kwisityalo. Bandisa izondlo (amafutha, istatshi) kwaye ubanike njengoko kuyimfuneko ngexesha elinzima.

sapling

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo zemithi nesakhiwo yabo yahlukile. Uhlobo ukhuni yahlulwe coniferous kunye ezinamagqabi avuthulukayo. Ubume be-Conifers kulula ngakumbi. Yenza up uninzi iiseli traheidnye. Iimpawu ezizodwa sapling zibandakanya ukunikezelwa iiseli ukuba aveze nentlaka. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nokuba ngokungacwangciswanga saa kwaye emanyeneyo imigudu nentlaka.

sihlahla

Okunye complex imithi avuthulukayo iintlobo kunye nokwakheka kwawo. Wood ubunjwe kwimicu semithambo kunye parenchymal iiseli libriform. Ekubeni imithi avuthulukayo iphulukane namagqabi ayo ekwindla, ebusika, kufuneka unikezelo enkulu yokutya. Ngenxa yoko, inani esikhulu iiseli parenchymal onoxanduva ukuqokelelana izondlo, kunokuba sapling. Oku kunokubonwa yi engundoqo ngokukhawuleza.

izakhiwo

A Inani beepropati uphawu sele iplanga. Iimpawu ze nesakhiwo unobangela. Iyahlala kwi iinkuni kakhulu eziphakamileyo, naphakathi izinto zokwakha kwesi salathisi singene isikhundla eliphakathi. Kodwa anikwe inani elincinane nto enokuthelekiseka neyamanye nkalo ukuya metal. Ingongoma ezibuthathaka iinkuni kukuba oko - izinto anisotropic. Isakhono yokumelana intshabalalo ixhomekeke kwindlela amandla xa kuthelekiswa ilungiselelo ifayibha. Izalathi best amandla ebonakalayo xa eqala ukuva eziphathekayo mbilu.

Le ukuqina bomthi incinane, isizathu soku - isakhiwo ethile. Wood - a aneentunja, izinto bhetyebhetye. Imiqadi bayakwazi ukubuyisela imilo zabo emva kokuba umthwalo elifutshane. Kodwa deformation intsalela ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni elide ukuba ahlale ngokusisigxina. beam Wooden akayi kuba nako ukuzifumana imilo yabo emva kwethuba elide.

Ukuqina zokwakha kuxhomekeke koko umthwalo ayimfuneko ukucinezela steel ibhola isayizi ethile. Kuba iinkuni kunzima 1000 kuphela N. Kulo mzekelo, ngokuba lukhuni ephantsi - yenye iingenelo eziphambili eziphathekayo. Wood kulula ukuqhubekekisa, oku siqine yi ngezikhonkwane, izikrufu, izikrufu self-ngokuthinta.

Isiqulatho sokufuma Wood umiselwa isiqulatho ngqo ukufuma pores. In nje umthi wagawula, lufikelela 100%. Kuxhomekeka injongo okusula woods eluhlaza ziphantsi parameters eziyimfuneko ukususela-40 ukuya kwi-15%.

isithunzi

Wood ixabiso eliphantsi conductivity thermal. It advantageously ingasetyenziswa njengento yokukhusela ubushushu. Lula processing kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso nayiphi band ngaphandle izixhobo zomculo ezenziwe ngokhuni. violin engama - ziziphumo iimpawu ezinjalo beenkuni, njengoko ubuchule ekuvakaleni kwelizwi. Wood kulula kruthu, ivula ukhetho olukhulu ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo egobile. Kwakhona iimveliso yeplanga aneempawu yesandi-ukufunxa okulungileyo. Beautiful ubuso kusivulela isithuba ekuyileni xa design isithuba.

ukushiyeka

Ukukwazi ukuthatha umthwalo iimveliso iinkuni kuxhomekeke kwindlela isicelo amandla. Oku kungenxa isakhiwo anisotropic kweenkuni. Ukongezelela, iimpawu amandla zixhomekeke kwakhona kwi kufutshane ukuya embindini buti, ukufuma, ubukho amaqhina kunye neentanda. Oku kwenza ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kwi zokukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo umsebenzi.

Njengoko izinto eziphilayo, iinkuni isengozini izinambuzane, ukungunda, zomngundo. Kuba ukusebenza ixesha elide luyafuneka ukwenza unyango imichiza eninzi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isakhiwo ngomthi ngaphandle pre-unyango - an ixhoba lula zomlilo.

processing iinkuni

Ngokubanzi, kukho iindidi ezintathu processing zomthi:

• Eyona eqhelekileyo - indlela ngoomatshini. Wood sawing, planing, uphuphu.
• In chemical-mechanical unyango zokufunda phantsi ukuba ukulungiselela eliphakathi. chips Wood, pine zixutywe Umatshini kunye shushu. A yokusabela chemical polymerization kunye imveliso wavelisa izinto ezifana ngamaplanga, ichipboard, fiberboard.
• Xa unyango imichiza ukuya asidi iinkuni, alkalis, iityuwa, ufakwa ukufudumeza. Oku kungenziwa ngokuba kwimveliso impatho enjalo amalahle, rosin gum, tannins, kwincindi.

Trees umntu omdala phezu amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Zonke nanini khona impucuko esekelwe phezu Ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni. Iincwadi, ifenitshala, izixhobo zomculo - konke oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka kule nkcazelo ezikhethekileyo zendalo.