Lusungulo nokuxubana: ukuba bangobani, apho wayehlala, inkolo, uncwadi kunye nenkcubeko

abantu baseMpumalanga Modern kwasekwa ixesha elide. Baye abaninzi wooyise. Ezi zibandakanya ezi nokuxubana kanye kunye nabamelwane babo, ngokuphawulekayo nempembelelo ubomi, inkcubeko nenkolo yezi zizwe xa wayesaphila ngokuvumelana iziseko zoluntu yezizwe.

Por kunye sklaviny

De kube ngoku, ababhali-mbali bezinto zakudala baye phambili iintlobo kweengcamango onokuba iminyanya nokuxubana. Ethnogenesis kwabantu ezenzeka ngexesha apho phantse akukho imithombo ebhaliweyo. Iingcali kwafuneka ukuyilandelela imbali yokuqala nokuxubana imvuthuluka zincinane. ixabiso elikhulu Ziqulethe yemihla Byzantine. Loo Eastern uBukhosi baseRoma kwafuneka anyamezele uxinzelelo izizwe, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwasekwa uhlanga Slavic.

Ubungqina yokuqala kubo bangamalungu kwinkulungwane VI. Lusungulo nokuxubana kule mithombo lamaByzantine ebizwa Por. Ngazo yena wabhala mbali odumileyo Prokopiy Kesariysky. Ekuqaleni, lo Iimbovane wahlala kuloo ndawo phakathi Dniester kunye Dnieper River kummandla Ukraine yanamhlanje. Ngexesha layo, babehlala kumathafa ukusuka Don ukuya kwiiBalkans.

Ukuba Por fanele ku iqela esempuma nokuxubana, nangasentshona kubo ezinxulumene nabo sklaviny waphila. Ukukhankanywa yokuqala kubo bashiya encwadini laseYordan "Getik" kubhaliweyo phakathi kwenkulungwane VI. Sklaviny maxa wambi ebizwa Veneti. Ezi zizwe babehlala yintoni ngoku le Czech Republic.

isakhiwo social

Abahlali waseByzantium wayekholelwa ukuba lusungulo nokuxubana - abo bangazazanga bakhona yempucuko. Ngokwenene Kwaba njalo. Kwaye sklaviny, Por wahlala phantsi lwentando yesininzi. Abazange babe umlawuli owodwa kwaye urhulumente. uluntu Early lenqaba kwakuba ezahlukeneyo loluntu, undoqo nganye apho kwakukho uhlobo oluthile. Inkcazelo anjalo afumaneka kwimithombo aseByzantium kungqinwe iziphumo archeologists mihla. Zokuhlala ayequlethe izindlu ezinkulu apho babehlala iintsapho ezinkulu. Kwenye ilali ingaba izindlu malunga-20. In sklaviny ukuba zasiwa obuselukhambeni, e Por - eziko. Kumntla ka-nokuxubana wakha tile log.

Amasiko zivumelana lenkolo okhohlakeleyo solusapho. Umzekelo, bafunde ukubulala isiko wenani lamanina engcwabeni yendoda yakhe. Lusungulo nokuxubana Sizibandakanye kwezolimo, nto leyo lo mthombo impilo. Ingqolowa, amazimba, nerhasi, oats, rye. Iinkomo: iigusha, iihagu, amadada, iinkuku. Craft waye kakubi zaphuhliswa kuthelekiswa Byzantium efanayo. Ngokusisiseko, kufeza iimfuno zekhaya ekhaya.

Army nobukhoboka

Ngokuthe ngcembe, uluntu bema ngaphandle ezinawo loluntu amajoni. Ngokufuthi zihlelwe behlasela Byzantium kunye namanye amazwe angabamelwane. Le njongo iye bekusoloko efanayo - amaxhoba kunye namakhoboka. kwaqeqeshwa Old lenqaba kungabandakanya abantu amawaka aliqela. Kubonakele nabalawuli kunye nezikhulu kokusingqongileyo emkhosini. Izinyanya zokuqala nokuxubana walwa ngemikhonto (ngamaxesha ambalwa amakrele). Sulitsa - nazo izixhobo belahla zaye zasasazwa. Kuye kusetyenziselwa kuphela ukulwa kodwa ekuzingeleni.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ubukhoboka eyayiqhelekile Por. Inani amakhoboka kufika amashumi amawaka abantu. Baba kakhulu namabanjwa athinjwe emfazweni. Kungenxa yoko le nto phakathi antskih amakhoboka abaninzi amaByzantine. Njengomgaqo, Por waqhubeka amakhoboka, ukuba ukufumana intlawulelo. Noko ke, abanye babo Sizibandakanye kwezolimo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

Ukuhlaselwa Avars

Embindini VI Iimbovane emhlabeni ekhulu phantsi ingozi ukuhlasela. Zizo ezo izizwe amadlelo, abalawuli bayo isihloko Kagan. yohlanga lwabo uhlala impikiswano: abathile bathi kubo Turks, umntu - iilwimi zomthonyama Iranian. Lusungulo nokuxubana amandulo kwaye nkqu wabonakala kwindawo bawuthobele kakhulu kakubi Avars ngenani. Le ratio yabangela ukudideka. AmaByzantine (umzekelo, Ioann Efessky kunye uKonstantin Bagryanorodny) kwaye ezichongiweyo zonke nokuxubana Avars, nangona lo vavanyo impazamo.

Kwebutho elivela East kukhokelele ukufuduka ebonakalayo yabantu, ingakumbi ixesha elide bahlala endaweni enye. Kunye ne Avars Por bafudukela kuqala Pannonia (Hungary mihla), yaye kamva waya kuhlasela Balkan engeka baseByzantium.

Nokuxubana waba isisekelo umkhosi Khanate. I-episode idumileyo longquzulwano kunye ubukhosi waba nasekuxinweni kweConstantinople ngo-626. Imbali nokuxubana yamandulo eyaziwa ngokuba ngeziqendu amafutshane intsebenziswano yabo kunye namaGrike. I abanya baseConstantinople waba nje ngumzekelo. Nangona kuhlaselwa, nokuxubana Avars akazange ukuphatha ukuze bawuthimbe loo mzi.

Kodwa ihlasele kwezizwe waqhubeka kwixesha elizayo. Emva ngo-602, ukumkani Lombard wathumela nokuxubana yeenkosi yabo imikhumbi. Bahlala e Dubrovnik. Xa eli zibuko, kwakukho iinqanawa yokuqala Slavic (monoksily). Bathatha inxaxheba sele wakhankanya zokungqinga kweConstantinople. Ekupheleni kuka VI kwenkulungwane ye nokuxubana yokuqala wayingqinga Thessaloniki. Kungekudala amawaka abahedeni bafudukela eThrace. Ngelo xesha linye i-nokuxubana wabonakala phezu kummandla iCroatia mihla kunye eSerbia.

East nokuxubana

zokungqinga abangaphumelelanga baseConstantinople kunyaka 626 uye wakwenza inqaba yaseAvar Khanate. Nokuxubana yonke waqala ukuba balahle kwedyokhwe abasemzini. E Moravia, le mvukelo wamvusa ngokwayo. Waba ngowokuqala eyaziwa ngegama lenqaba prince. Ke abantu bakhe baqalisa ukwanda labo ukuya ngasempuma. Xa VII bamathanga kwinkulungwane baba abamelwane le Khazars. Bakwazi ukuba angene kwesa eCrimea neCaucasus ukufikelela. Apho lusungulo nokuxubana yokuhlala lwawo lusekelwe, ndiqinisekile kukho umlambo okanye echibini, ngokunjalo umhlaba olimekayo waphila.

It wabonakala phezu isixeko Dnieper Kyïv, ogama lakhe behlonipha Prince Kyi. Apha wabumba amasimi ubuhlobo tribal ezintsha eziquka Izivumelwano ezinjalo esikhundleni Por. Ngenkulungwane VII-VIII ekugqibeleni kwasekwa amaqela amathathu abantu baseMpumalanga ezikhoyo namhlanje (i-Western, Southern naseMpuma). Last bahlala kummandla namhlanje Ukraine, Belarus, naphakathi iVolga kunye Oka nemizi yabo ngaphakathi kwimida Russia.

EseByzantium, lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokuxubana neyamaSkitiya. Oku = Imposiso enkulu kakhulu isiGrike. AmaSkitiya yaba izizwe Iranian yaye bathetha iilwimi Iranian. Ngexesha layo oko kwakuhlala kuquka Dnieper emathafeni kunye eCrimea. Xa efika apho Slavic amazwe, ungquzulwano rhoqo imfazwe phakathi abamelwane ezintsha. sengozini enkulu emelwe amahashe, leyo yababephethwe ngamaSkitiya. Lusungulo nokuxubana iminyaka emininzi Kyea ukuhlaselwa kwayo, de, ekugqibeleni, lo abasemathanga khange yayimke yi ngamaGoth.

imifelandawonye Tribal kunye nesixeko eMpuma nokuxubana

Ngo-mpuma, le nokuxubana bakufuphi ezininzi zezizwe Finno-Ugric, kuquka ngokupheleleyo Meria. Kwakukho zokuhlala Rostov Beloozero kunye Staraya Ladoga. Enye isixeko Novgorod yaba liziko ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko. Ngowe-862 oko waqalisa ukulawula Vikings Rurik. Esi siganeko kwaphawula ukuqala sokumiswa Russian.

Umzi nokuxubana osempuma wabonakala ubukhulu becala kwiindawo apho umendo babaleka ukusuka Vikings ukuya kumaGrike. Le kwemithambo yorhwebo esuka kuLwandle lweBaltic ukuya Byzantium. Endleleni, abarhwebi baye ezithutha iimpahla zexabiso: .. yaseAmbergris, iminenga ulusu, evuthiweyo, oboya, martens kunye sables, nobusi, amafutha, njl impahla bezinikezelwa kulowo amaphenyane. iinqanawa indlela walala phezu kwemilambo. Inxalenye yale ndlela uhamba nxamnye emhlabeni. Ngelo kwezo sayithi, isikhephe ihanjiswa nanini na, ukuze endle wabonakala Perevolok isixeko Toropets kunye ESmolensk.

izizwe Eastern lenqaba kudala bahlala ngaphandle enye kwenye, yaye ngokufuthi akazange feuded alwa phakathi kwabo. Oku kwenza babe nokwenzaliswa abamelwane. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane IX, ezinye East Slavic iimanyano lesizwe baqalisa ukuba ahlawule irhafu ukuya Khazars. Okunye kakhulu ixhomekeke Vikings. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ukhankanya inqwaba zobumbano zesizwe: Burza, volynyan, Dregovichi, Drevlyane, Krivichy, glades, Polotsk, northerners, Radimichi Tivertsy, White Croats kunye Ulichi. United lenqaba yokubhala kunye nenkcubeko bonke bephela, ukho kuphela XI-XII iinkulungwane. emva kokumiselwa Kievan Rus kunye nokwamkelwa ubuKristu. Kamva eli qela uhlanga lohlulwa Russian, Ukraine Belarusians. Nantsi ke impendulo yombuzo nomtya izinyanya ezi Eastern nokuxubana.

South nokuxubana

Nokuxubana ayakhe akwiiBalkan, laya bodwa bangadibani nabanye Amadoda bafikelela izizwe South Slavic. Namhlanje, inzala yabo yayingamaSerb, Bulgarians, amaCroatia, AmaBosnia, abelaseMakedoni, namaMontenegro kunye eSlovenia. Ukuba lusungulo Eastern nokuxubana wambeka mhlaba ubukhulu becala ezingenabantu, ngoko abazalwana babo wasezantsi waya kufika emdeni wekampu, apho kwakukho zokuhlala ezininzi yasekwa ngamaRoma. Ukususela impucuko yamandulo, washiya endleleni apho abahedeni ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwi kwiiBalkans. Phambi kwabo peninsula ophethwe Byzantium. Noko ke, uBukhosi kwafuneka ukuba anike kolunye udini, uye bangaphandle ngenxa yeemfazwe rhoqo kwi empumalanga nxamnye namaPersi neenkani lwangaphakathi.

Amazwe ezintsha eMzantsi nokuxubana wooyise ugalelwe ioli autochthonous (local) labantu Greek. Ezintabeni, le bamathanga kwafuneka kujongana kweelana i Vlachs Albania. Njengoko njengabaphambukeli abangquzulana namaKristu Greek. Kunikwe kwakho indawo nokuxubana kwiiBalkans yaphela ngo-620-s.

Kufutshane amaKristu kunye nokudibana rhoqo nabo baba nempembelelo enkulu phezu abanini abatsha kwiiBalkans. Yobuhedeni nokuxubana kulo mmandla kuye kwapheliswa ngokukhawuleza. LobuKristu ezemvelo bakhuthazwe waseByzantium. Okokuqala amaGrike, ezama ukuba azi ukuba ngubani na nokuxubana, bathumela kuye nonozakuzaku, uze emva koko yazilandela abashumayeli. Abalawuli zithunyelwa rhoqo abamelwane yingozi bevangeli, enethemba ngaloo ukwandisa impembelelo yabo bakhona. Umzekelo, ubhaptizo namaSerb yaqala phantsi uHeraclius, owayelawula kwiminyaka 610-641. Le nkqubo iye yaba ngokuthe ngcembe. Le nkolo entsha liseke ngokwayo phakathi South nokuxubana kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane IX. Ke abathetheli abhaptiziweyo Raska, aze ke atshintshelwe kwelona ukholo lwamaKristu izifundo zakhe.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukuba namaSerb baqala Mpuma Church eConstantinople, abazalwana babo Croats waphethulela ingqalelo yabo ngasentshona. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba kunyaka 812 i amakhosi uMlawuli Karl Veliky wenza isivumelwano kunye ukumkani Byzantium Michael I Rangave, njengako yingxenye esikunxweme lwaseIta- KwiiBalkans yaba kwindawo obesondliwa Franks. Bathi babengamaKatolika, yaye ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe emfutshane kuloo mmandla ubhaptizwe Croats ngamasiko ayo entshonalanga. Nangona kwinkulungwane IX, ibandla lamaKristu kuseyinto ukuba enye, kwahlukahlukana enkulu ngowe-1054 kude kakhulu kwezinye amaKatolika nganye kunye Orthodox.

nokuxubana Western

Iqela ntshona zezizwe Slavic abaninzi kwintsimi enkulu ukusuka iElbe ukuya Carpathians. It kwangenisa Polish, Czech kunye Slovak izizwe. West bonke baphila bodrichi, lutici, Sorbs kunye pomoryane. Ngenkulungwane VI, eli qela Polabian nokuxubana kuyo malunga kwisithathu kummandla eJamani-yanamhlanje. Iingxabano phakathi izizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo lwezincedisi baba rhoqo. Le bamathanga ezintsha nizihlabe ukusuka kunxweme kwiBaltic Sea Lombards, Varin kunye Rugova (bethetha ngeelwimi zesiJamani).

Uphawu umdla lobukho nokuxubana kumhlaba yangoku German ligama Berlin. Iingcali zeelwimi baye bafumanisa uhlobo ngemvelaphi yegama. Ulwimi Polabian nokuxubana "Burlin" wayethetha edamini. Abaninzi kubo kumntla-mpuma eJamani. Yiloo kude indlela nokuxubana bagqobhoza ookhokho oko. Emva 623, ezi bezithanga efanayo wajoyina umthetheli uya kwimvukelo yakhe nxamnye Avars. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha phantsi ezihlangwini Karla Velikogo Polabian nokuxubana nozimanya ngokupheleleyo kunye Franks kumaphulo zabo nxamnye Khanate.

neenkosi German wobukhosi lasungula ngokuchasene yabasemzini kwinkulungwane IX. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo nokuxubana owayehlala ngasechwebeni iElbe, wabathobela. Namhlanje, kubo kwakukho kuphela amaqela amancinane angawodwa, eziquka abantu amawaka aliqela ukulondoloza ngokwabo lwabo lwesigodi unique, ngokungafaniyo nkqu Polish. KumaXesha Aphakathi, amaJamani wabiza yasentshona elingummelwane nokuxubana Wendy.

Ulwimi Ukubhala

Ukuze siqonde ukuba ngubani na nokuxubana, kungcono ujonge imbali ulwimi. Ngesinye isihlandlo, xa hlanga ungekatshati, waba intetho omnye. Yayibizwa ngokuba ulwimi Proto-Slavic. Akukho irekhodi ebhaliweyo yalo ihlala. Yinto eyaziwayo nje ukuba ungowommandla esisibona usapho yaseYurophu Indo-lweelwimi, nto leyo eyenza kube efanayo kwezinye iilwimi ezininzi .. zesiJamani, Romance, njl Ezinye iingcali zeelwimi kunye mbali ndibeke phambili, kunye neengcamango ezongezelelweyo malunga nemvelaphi yayo. Ngokutsho hypothesis mnye, ulwimi Proto-Slavic kwindawo ethile kuphuhliso yayo yinxalenye ulwimi Proto-Balto-Slavic, ngoxa iilwimi lweBaltic abalahlwanga ngokwabo kwiqela labo.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, isizwe ngasinye kuvela ngolwimi lwethu. Ngokusekelwe kwenye yezi iziyelelane, oluthethwa nokuxubana owayehlala kummandla eTesalonika, abazalwana KIRILL I Mefody ngenkulungwane IX wadala uncwadi Slavic zamaKristu. I Ukukhanya wenza ngokomyalelo umlawuli lamaByzantine. kwaba Ukubhala kubalulekile kuba iincwadi zamaKristu translation and ukushumayela kwiiNtlanga. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko kwazeka ngokuba oonobumba Cyrillic. Le alfabhethi namhlanje sisiseko kweelwimi Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian kunye baseMontenegro. Lenqaba eseleyo, amaKatolika wathabatha sebenzisa oonobumba wamaRoma.

Ngenkulungwane XX, abembi baqalisa ukufumana nezinto ezininzi eziye amangcwaba oonobumba yamandulo Cyrillic. Ingongoma ephambili ezi zamaqula yaba Novgorod. Ngenxa yokuvela kwindawo ezingqongileyo, iingcali bafunde okuninzi malunga yintoni i Slavic Literature yamandulo neNkcubeko.

Umzekelo, okubhaliweyo lwaseMpuma Slavic Cyrillic na ekuthiwa-Gnezdovo Umbhalo neselwa zomdongwe phakathi X kwekhulu. Le bhokisi iye yafunyanwa ngo-1949 ngu zakudala Daniilom Avdusinym. Amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka apho 1912 ebandleni mandulo Kiev wafumana itywina ukhokelo Cyrillic nombhalo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye ziqala oko, waza wagqiba ukuba igama Prince Svyatoslav, owayelawula kwiminyaka 945-972. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngelo xesha eRashiya lunqulo engundoqo ubuhedeni, ubuKristu, nangona oonobumba efanayo besiCyrillic sele e Bulgaria. Amagama Slavic Imibhalo zamandulo kunceda ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi le bhokisi.

Umbuzo wokuba ingaba nokuxubana indlela obhala phambi kokwamkelwa of Christianity, uvuliwe. iimbekiselo zale kuyo zifumaneka kwezinye nababhali ngelo xesha, kodwa la ubungqina elaba ayanelanga ukuba ukubhala umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo. Kunokwenzeka, nokuxubana ukuba ukudluliselwa kolwazi ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso usebenzisa amanxeba kunye neempawu. iileta enjalo ukunxiba umlinganiswa isiko kwaye asetyenziswe nokuvumisa.

Inkolo nenkcubeko

Pre-Christian yobuhedeni nokuxubana zaveza kwiinkulungwane eziliqela yaye ifumene iimpawu ezizimeleyo ezizodwa. Le nkolelo ke spiritualization endalo, ukukholelwa, amagunya animatism yehlelo kwemvelo, ukunqula izinyanya imilingo. Le mibhalo yokuqala wentsomi eza kunceda ukuphakamisa ikhuselo vu phezu yobuhedeni Slavic, unanamhla azikhange zigcinwe. Mbali ityala ukuba ukholo kuphela yeembali, yemicimbi yemihla, nezingqino basemzini kunye neminye imithombo.

Xa neentsomi le nokuxubana kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu iimpawu ezendeleyo kwezinye amahlelo yaseYurophu Indo-. Ngokomzekelo, kubo bonke oothixo kukho uthixo kweendudumo nemfazwe (Perun), uthixo lemimoya neenkomo (Velez), kunye nomfanekiso unkulunkulu, i-Sky uBawo (Stribog). Konke oku fomu omnye okanye kwenye kwaye kukho Iranian, Baltic kunye iintsomi waseJamani.

Ngoothixo nokuxubana baba ngabantu ezingcwele ephakamileyo. ngokugqithiseleyo labo belisondliwa bayahlelwa oonyana ngomntu wonke. Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo, uxanduva kwaye iyingozi, isizwe ngasinye kubhekiselele kubaxhasi zayo ezinamandla. I nokuxubana eqingqiweyo yoothixo (izithixo) ziye zasasazwa. Baye abenziwe ngomthi nangelitye. I-episode idumileyo ebandakanya izithixo ezikhankanywe yemihla ngokunxulumene Ubhaptizo Russia. Prince Vladimir ukuba asayine ukwamkelwa yokholo omtsha umyalelo ukuze ulahle kude kwizigodo oothixo endala kungena Dnieper. Esi senzo kwaba ukubonakaliswa ecacileyo isiqalo sexesha elitsha. Nangona lobuKristu, nto leyo eyaqala ekupheleni X kwenkulungwane, ubuhedeni waqhubeka ehlala, ingakumbi ngasemagumbini esemagqagaleni Russia kunye nebhere. Ezinye iimpawu zayo ezihlangene iCawa Orthodox kwaye agcinwe ngohlobo amasiko esizwe (umzekelo, iiholide ikhalenda). Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, la amagama Slavic wabonakala rhoqo njengoko kubhekiswa iinkolelo zonqulo (umzekelo, melly - "thixo anikwe" njl ...).

Ukuba ukunqula imimoya zobuhedeni engcwele ekhethekileyo eyayikho ukuba nabizelwa iitempile. Ubomi lusungulo nokuxubana iye yanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo ezi iindawo ezingcwele. indawo indlu yayikhona kuphela zezizwe (izibonda, Czechs), ngelixa oogxa babo Mpuma izakhiwo ezinjalo azizange. engcwele Old Russian yinto Ashera evulekileyo. Xa izindlu zonqulo zoothixo nemikhosi zilungelelaniswe.

Ngaphandle izithixo, i nokuxubana, ngathi kwizizwe lweBaltic baba engcwele amatye-kwamakhulu. Mhlawumbi, eli siko yathatyathwa Finno-Ugric izizwe. ukunqula izinyanya ezinxulumene izithethe zomngcwabo Slavic. Ngexesha komngcwabo, amalungiselelo bengqungqa isiko kunye life (nomthendeleko Funeral). Umzimba womfi uzinikele emhlabeni, amtshisa esibondeni. Uthuthu kunye namathambo ayesele eqokelelwe ngesitya okhethekileyo, nto leyo egqibela isithuba endleleni.

Imbali nokuxubana yamandulo bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba zonke iintlanga wayengayamkeli ubuKristu. Orthodox, ubuKatolika uziquke kwi impucuko eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu ephakathi.