Lobushushu Absolute - kukho into enjalo

Sonke siyazi ukuba imizimba esiphila eshushu okanye ebandayo. Glass, eliphalala abilayo, kodwa iglasi efanayo xa ungenanto - abandayo. Siziva isandla ezibandayo okanye ezifudumeleyo xa uchukumisa kweglasi. Yaye siziva ntoni? ikho into lobushushu Ndaziswa ukuqonda kubaphandi.

Ekuqaleni, xa lalingekafiki ngulozinzisa ingcamango molekyuli-entshukumo, izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba lobushushu oluhambisana into ekhethekileyo - caloric. Kwathi ke, ngakumbi ngqo, ubungakanani bayo umisela umzimba eshushu okanye ebandayo. Oku kuyafana uvavanyo wendlela "strong" ukufumana ngomxube kunye caloric. Ngokusekelwe kulo mfanekiso, amandla kunye lobushushu utywala ulinganiswa iiyunithi afanayo - degrees.

Ngoku lobushushu uthathwa umlinganiselo amandla agciniweyo of molecule ukhonza, ingakumbi, umlinganiselo iqondo imizimba ukufudumeza. Ukuqikelela izazinzulu ukusebenzisa iiyunithi energy: SI inkqubo kweeyunithi iya esiyijowule. Kodwa imilinganiselo lobushushu baqalisa kudala ngaphambi kokuba zethiyori lukagesi. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, iyunithi eyodwa yokulinganisa - isidanga.

Practice iindlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo kumlinganiselo lobushushu. Kuba ngamnye kubo isikali yayo ubushushu ukuze ndisimise izidanga unit. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba yi amagama oosonzululwazi, indlela yokuqingqa - qhwa, Reaumur, Celsius. Umgaqo kukuba bathatha uluhlu iqondo lobushushu kwaye alabe libe inani elithile. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo ilingana no0 degrees Celsius qhwa yamanzi, nezinyuko 100 - kwithempritsha yayo abilayo. Le Uluhlu yahlulwe ngo 100 ukunika ixabiso isidanga 1.

Kuzo zonke inkqubo ukumisela ixabiso okukwiqondo omnye kusetyenziswa amanqaku zabo kwiihenjisi, kunye mnye wona umzimba mnye ngamnye kubo kuya kuba iqondo layo. Noko ke, ixabiso layo zinakho ukuba zidluliselwe ukusuka abasakhasayo omnye komnye. Kodwa izazinzulu ziye zaziswa ingqiqo entsha - amaqondo obushushu epheleleyo. Ngoko ke, kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda ukulinganisa njani iqondo lobushushu amandla thermal ngayo iimolekyuli.

Ngenxa yale ndlela kuthetha ukuba ubushushu phelele - nguye ilinganiswa ukusuka ingundoqo kwiqanda ixabiso lobushushu apho isindululo thermal akakho ngokupheleleyo, yaye amandla lwangaphakathi umzimba kuncinane. Le ndlela yokulinganisa lwenziwa yi ekuthiwa-Kelvin, indawo incwadi leyo uthathe elililo zero lobushushu ilingana no thabatha degrees 273,15 Celsius.

Ngenxa yoko, iqondo epheleleyo ngengqiqo ngemihla akukho ezahlukeneyo ukusuka njengesiqhelo - nto nje omnye kwinqanaba reference ekuqaleni. Kakade ke, akukho namnye unako ukuthi ezitalatweni kunye 296,15 degrees Kelvin, xa kukho plus 23 degrees Celsius, nangona zombini amanani ezisebenzayo. Ikwiqondo lobushushu e Kelvin - yenye isicelo ukuba sinxulumana iimeko ababanazo imihla ngemihla.

Kubonakala ukuba ubushushu ongowona okanye ubushushu Kelvin - sisixhobo, nesetyenziswa ikakhulu izazinzulu. Oku kusetyenziswa xa ucinga ezahlukeneyo kwimiba ezingemibono kunye nezenzo ezinxulumene kwiipropati zophando, iimpawu kunye izenzakalo ehlabathini ezingqongileyo. abantu abaqhelekileyo abazalani kwinzululwazi, akukho mfuneko yokuba babe nomdla ithuba ngokoqobo into efana lobushushu epheleleyo.

Ukuqaliswa kwenkcazo elililo zero kukhokelela iziganeko ezininzi ezibangela umdla. Ngokomzekelo, xa uzama ukufezekisa oko kukho loo mba ngendlela esebenzayo. Enyanisweni, ukuba umqhubi yombane yangoku iphela ku zero degrees Kelvin (0 ° C), esi sindululo wobushushu kwi izinto isambuku iyeka, uxhathiso zombane ze ngumqhubi ziya kuthanda zero kwaye ilahleko zangoku ziya kuba ncinci. Noko ke, kukholelwa ukuba practice alinakuzuzwa ngokupheleleyo zero ubushushu, naphantsi kweemeko laboratory ayiphumelelanga ukusondela kangangoko kufutshane kangangoko kule xabiso.

Akukho umdla kangako na isenzeko of superfluidity. Ukuba lobushushu elililo ze gesi iqala ukunciphisa, ngoko xa ixabiso elithile, kuba irhasi zabo, kukho utshintsho lwenzeka kwi igesi engamanzi. Xa helium uba elulwelo, oko ofumana ukukwazi ukungena kuzo ngcanjana zincinane. Ngokuba ukusetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla nesenzeko abanjalo kodwa isetyenziswa, kodwa ukuvumela ukuba siqonde uninzi imibuzo ubucukubhede quantum kunye nenzululwazi esisiseko.

Into enjengale ubushushu ingundoqo, lisetyenziswa kwizifundo theoretical kunye imifuniselo nesisebenzayo isifundo behlabathi. Ngaphandle kwakhe, eli nqaku ijamele ingqikelelo lobushushu ngokwayo ngokwembono ingcamango lwalusanda-entshukumo.