Liberation of Belarus (1944). IMfazwe Enkulu Yobuzwe

Emva Stalingrad and Kursk Velile Lolwana ikhondo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ekugqibeleni boyise, i-Red Army baqalisa ukulwela ilizwe labo. Iyazeya sifikelele ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Xa Belarus yaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindlela eya empumelelweni.

ebusika umzamo

Lilinge lokuqala ekukhululeni Belarus wenziwa ebusika 1944. Lohlaselo ngendlela Vitebsk yaqala ekuqaleni February, kodwa ayizange sithsaba ngempumelelo: kwakunzima inkqubela yaye kwiinyanga ezinesiqingatha wakwazi lokumba neekhilomitha ezilishumi kuphela.

I Front Byelorussian, utyando e Minsk kunye Bobruisk ulwalathiso, izinto bahamba ungcono kancinane, kodwa kude ezikrelekrele. Apha ukuhlaselwa kwaqala zivalwa, ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, kwaye sele 14 zathathwa Mozyr kunye Kalinkovichi. Xa kwentwasahlobo, amajoni eSoviet wawela Dnieper kunye amaNazi iphumelele 20-25 indawo km.

kusengaphambili Ngoko ngenyameko ubungqina ye-Red Army ayikwazanga kuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa impumelelo, ngokunjalo phakathi kwentwasahlobo High Umyalelo esigqibeni sokuba inkomfa avanyisa. Abantu bayalelwa ukuba bafumane zintshula kuloo kwizithuba kuhlala ndilindele amaxesha ngcono.

Mu kuya kwa nshita ulwalathiso Belarusian, iphulo elikhulu-isikali ebusika nasentlakohlaza ka-1944 waba kakhulu nempumelelo: ngasemazantsi ngaphambili wawela umda, amadabi zazilwela ngaphandle USSR. izinto ezimbi, waya phezu elisemntla ngaphambili: imikhosi Soviet bakwazi ukufikelela imveliso ye-Finnish War. Kuba ukukhululwa hlobo Belarus sele izicwangciso, republic Baltic kunye Ukraine INNING_NUMBER ngokupheleleyo.

sengqondo

Umgca ngaphambili kwi BSSR kukho indlela eya eSoviet Union arc (Buze nesinqumka) ubude km 1,100. Emantla nje kuphela Vitebsk, emzantsi - Pinsk. Ngaphakathi kwi arc, ebizwa eSoviet Jikelele Abasebenzi, "i nokunyuka Belarusian", wamisa amajoni aseJamani - iqela "Centre", kubandakanywa itanki wesithathu, 2, 4 kunye wemikhosi 9.

I Sukwenza umyalelo German wabanika izikhundla zabo Belarus kubaluleke kakhulu qhinga. Baye bayalelwa ukuba yokuzithethelela kuzo zonke iindleko, ngoko ke inkululeko of Belarus akuyona cakewalk.

Ingakumbi entwasahlobo ka-1944, i-Fuehrer akazange acinge imfazwe ebelahlekile, wandithuthuzela ngokwam ngethemba, ekholelwa ukuba asesitalini ixesha, mdibaniso baya kuwa phakathi, waza ke yiSoviet Union ukuphuma, ediniwe yimfazwe elide.

Emva uthotho lwemisebenzi zobuntlola nokuhlalutya imeko, i Wehrmacht wagqiba alinde inkathazo kungekudala lulandelayo ukusuka Ukraine and Romania: ukusebenzisa mmandla sele kwakhona, i-Red Army unokuyiphelisa ngesibetho lityumza, nkqu ziityhafisa Germany amasimi ngobuchule ezibalulekileyo Ploiesti.

Bekhokelwa ezi ngcamango, amaJamani kumkhupha amandla engundoqo ukuya ezantsi, ekhala ukuba inkululeko of Belarus akunakwenzeka ukuba uqale ngokukhawuleza kunjalo; imeko imikhosi utshaba okanye iimeko zendawo kwaphela akazange abe sokuhlaselwa.

cebo

USSR zigcinwe kakuhle welinye icala ezi nkolelo zobuxoki. Kwicandelo engundoqo wakha iinqaba ababuxoki, kuzichasa 3 Front Ukrainian alingisa intshukumo yoqhekeko nomkhosi ezilishumi, wadala wento engekhoyo wokuba iiyunithi vehicles omi Ukraine, ahlale endaweni, ngoxa eneneni kamsinya ebheke umbindi komgca yokuhlaselwa . Kwenziwa izakhi ezininzi ubuqhophololo eyenzelwe ngobuxoki azise utshaba; kwaye okwangoku kwi emfihlekweni lingqongqo wayelungiselela utyando "Bagration": kwinkululeko Belarus wayengekho kude.

May 20 General Abasebenzi bagqiba ucwangciso phulo. Ngenxa yoko, i-Soviet High Umyalelo ulindele ukuphumeza ezi njongo zilandelayo:

• tyhala umva utshaba eMoscow;
• uqhekeko phakathi amabutho amaNazi amaqela kunye ukuzihlutha ukunxibelelana nabanye;
• ukubonelela isiseko ngenxa yokulahlwa kwe yeempembelelo ezilandelayo kwi yotshaba.

Ukuze baphumelele, umsebenzi Belarusian ekhubekisayo icwangciswe kakuhle, ngenxa yokuba imiphumela yayo buxhomekeke kakhulu: loyiso wavula indlela eya Warsaw, yaye ngoko ku Berlin. Umzabalazo benze kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo ke kuyimfuneko ukuba:

• ukoyisa inkqubo iinqaba utshaba enamandla
• ukuba nyanzela imilambo emikhulu;
• abanezikhundla qhinga;
• kumgca imfutshane ukuba akhulule ukusuka amaNazi Minsk.

Esi sicwangciso

22 no-23 Ngamana sicwangciso ixoxiwe inxaxheba aphantsi kweenjengele Front abathabatha inxaxheba kulo msebenzi, yaye ngowama-30 Ngamana ekugqibeleni evunyiweyo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, bekucingelwa:

• "Perforate" eziphumelela German kwiindawo ezintandathu, esebenzisa ekuhlaselweni namandla strike;
• Tshabalalisa amaqela e Vitebsk kunye Bobruisk, apho waba uhlobo "amaphiko" of The Ridge Belarusian;
• emva kwekhefu ukuya phambili kwindlela ziyahlangana ungenisa okusingqongileyo njengoko imikhosi utshaba enkulu.

Ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo isicwangciso okunene isiphelo imikhosi Wehrmacht kule ngingqi kwaye yenza inkululeko epheleleyo of Belarus: 1944 bekumele ukuba aphelise ukungcungcuthekisa abantu, hlebnuvshie umvambo wemfazwe ngokupheleleyo.

nxaxheba ezinkulu kulo mcimbi

Xa imikhosi ezinkulu ekhubekisayo inxaxheba Dnieper wayenothotho kunye izimpi ezine: 1st Baltic kunye ezintathu Belarusian.

Kunzima ukuba zazi indima enkulu edlalwa ekuphunyezweni leeyunithi yabanqolobi imisebenzi: ngaphandle yaqulunqa ukuhamba Belarus wenkululeko kubahlaseli ngokungenalusini karhulumente mhlawumbi kuzakuthatha ixesha elininzi kunye nomgudu. Ngexesha ekuthiwa- kaloliwe imfazwe kuzinze ikwazile ukuqhushumba yimiqolo phantse amawaka 150. Kakade ke, nzima kakhulu ubomi bahlaseli, kodwa ndingaba kwaqalwa phantsi uloliwe kwenkomfa, zokuwela wabatshabalalisa, amazibuko zonxibelelwano kunye nokwenza ezinye izinto ezininzi nobuganga obukwanjalo. I intshukumo elithile kwi Belarus yaba yeyona inamandla eSoviet Union.

Xa Kwathi "Operation Bagration", kunzima ngakumbi ukuze bakholwe nomnqophiso Front 1 Belorussian phantsi Rokossovsky. Kummandla Bobruisk indlela indalo kakhulu, ayizange ibonakale elungele kwimpumelelo - ngokuphathelele kulo umyalelo ephakamileyo nalowo kunye elinye icala ngazwilinye ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye, eneneni, ukuhlasela usebenzisa amatanki ngokusebenzisa imigxobhozo ivaleke - ingxaki, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, ngenkankulu ukuba kunokwenzeka. Kodwa umncedisi wayimela amaJamani akazange alindele kuhlaselwa kweli cala, ngenxa yokuba ubukho imigxobhozo kuzichaza mbi zogqitha ezethu ngaphaya kokuqonda. Kungenxa yoko le nto ugwayimbo kufuneka zixhaswe ukusuka apha.

Ibhalansi ye imikhosi

Kwasenkundleni inxaxheba kweli phulo baye baqiniswa kakhulu. Isitimela zange ukusebenza ngenxa yoloyiko, kodwa ngenxa yesazela; kumalungiselelo lwaqhutywa nentaphane yezixhobo kunye nabantu - zonke ngokuhambelana Ukufihla ingqongqo.

Ekubeni amaJamani isigqibo sokuba im imikhosi yayo kwicandelo wasezantsi, bekuchasa Red Army German Army Group "Centre" uye eziliqela amaxesha abantu ngaphantsi. Against 36.400 guns Soviet kunye mortars - 9500 nxamnye 5200 kwamatanki nemipu self-ngokwaso - amatanki 900 nemipu ukubetha, nxamnye iiyunithi 5300 of Aviation emkhosini - kwaye 1.350 moya.

Ixesha kuqale ukusebenza zagcinwa imfihlelo ngamehlo abomvu. Ide ngomzuzu wokugqibela amaJamani azinayo le nto incinane ngeli phulo oluzayo. Ungabona nje kwavela ingxwabangxwaba xa ekuseni ngoJuni 23 ukusebenza "Bagration" ekugqibeleni sele iqalile.

Surprise ukuba uMlawuli

Ukukhuthazwa ezimbalwa kunye nemikhosi zange iyunifomu. Umzekelo, ukuba amandla ka 1st Baltic (Army 4) akazange akwazi yokutshayela utshaba omnye ukuhlaselwa ngumsindo. Ngokuba imini kotyando wakwazi ukoyisa km 5 kuphela. Kodwa leSithandathu Guards nemikhosi mane-wesithathu abaxeli wancuma: bona "bahlabeka" eziphumelela yotshaba wahamba Vitebsk evela emntla-ntshona. AmaJamani ngokukhawuleza lweMedia, eshiya-15 km. Ethutyeni nangoko kwagcwala amatanki ye-1st Corps.

3rd Belorussian Front imikhosi imikhosi 39 and 5th Vitebsk bayicezele ukusuka ezantsi, ngenkankulu waphawula Luchesa umlambo, waya phezu avanyisa. Boiler uzivalele; ngomhla wokuqala ukusebenza, amaJamani Babenethuba enye kuphela ukubaleka bume: dvadtsatikilometrovaya ye 'inyoba "ububanzi, yaba siphila ixesha elifutshane, umgibe embakraza owaluvingcelayo Ostrovno lali.

Ngo Orsha kwicala amajoni Soviet ekuqaleni elinde ukuba ukungaphumeleli: zokuzikhusela German kule ndawo iye enamandla kakhulu, utshaba kakhulu ububi kwaye ngobuchule waluthethelela ityala. Imizamo ukuba akhulule Orsha yenziwa ngoJanuwari ayiphumelelanga. Ebusika, yalahleka edabini, kodwa silahlekelwe imfazwe: "Operation Bagration" ayenzi ukusilela.

11 th-kunye nomkhosi 31-th wachitha yonke loo mini waphuma, ukuya wesibini umgca wokhuselo waseJamani. Ngelo xesha, 5 Panzer Army wayesalinde kwamaphiko: kwimeko idabi ngempumelelo ngendlela Orsha oko wavula indlela eya Minsk.

2 Front Belorussian kakuhle ngempumelelo babenyuka Mogilev. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala ekulweni kweli phulo kweenxweme Dnieper likwazile ukufaka amadimoni elungileyo.

Juni 24 operation ekukhululeni Belarus waza waqalisa ukuba Front 1 Belorussian, wazithwala yokulwa zalo msebenzi: ukuba bejonge Bobruisk. Ke ithemba yokuhlaselwa ukuba zibe ngokupheleleyo: kunjalo, kweli cala amaJamani akazange alindele inkathazo. umgca Umkile umthunzi wabo saa yaye bambalwa.

Xa indawo Parichi kuphela iqela strike wasiqhekeza 20 km - ethubeni nangoko sicaca amatanki the First Guards Amanxusa. AmaJamani zaye layohlala Bobruisk. Ezisukela, ubonakele le avant-garde Juni 25 ngaphandle kwesixeko.

Kwimeko kwisithili imeko yokuqala Rogachev akazange kamnandi njalo; ngengcwangu utshaba inkani, kodwa xa ulwalathiso ngesibetho sakhatywa ukuya emantla, izinto zaba fun. Ngosuku lwesithathu emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza eSoviet amaJamani wabona ukuba lifikile ixesha lokuba ukubaleka, kodwa emva kwexesha: i iitanki Soviet kakade nzulu ngasemva utshaba. Juni 27 umgibe ivaliwe. Zahamba kakuhle ukuba izahlukahlukano ngaphezu ezintandathu lotshaba, apho iintsuku ezimbini zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo.

impumelelo

Ziqala waba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. June 26, i-Red Army wabakhulula Vitebsk, 27, emva kokuvutha sisilwa amaNazi ndashiyeka Orsha, 28, amatanki yiSoviet sele e Borisov, unako ukundihlambulula ngokupheleleyo Julayi 1.

Kufutshane Minsk, Vitebsk kunye Bobruisk babulawa amaqela utshaba 30. kwiintsuku ezili-12 emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza, imikhosi yaseSoviet phambili 225-280 km, omnye jerk isiqingatha ekuqhekezeni Belarus.

Loo uphuhliso iziganeko Wehrmacht baba akalungisa, kwaye umyalelo ngqo kwiqela "Centre" umkhosi engenankathalo kwaye ngokucwangcisiweyo bayaphazama. iindleko ixesha bahamba iiyure, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha - kwimizuzu. Ekuqaleni, kwaba sekunjalo kuyenzeka ukuba siphephe encirclement, ehlehla ngexesha emlanjeni. Berezina nokudala apha umgca omtsha esemqoka. Akuthandeki ukuba kule meko kwinkululeko Belarus wayeza kuqhubeka iinyanga ezimbini. Kodwa Field Marshal W. Bush wanika umyalelo ngexesha. Nokuba ukholo lwakhe ukuba upopu izibalo zomkhosi, uHitler womelela kunjalo, ukuba phantsi amandla alo utshaba; kodwa yena a nenkani alandelayo nemiyalelo Hitler "ukukhusela Buze Belarusian nangaliphi na iindleko" bawonakalisile umkhosi wakhe. amawaka 40 amajoni kunye namagosa, kwakunye 11 iinjengele baseJamani luhlala eziphezulu, basiwa banjwa. Isiphumo, ngeliphandle, lihlazo.

Wothuswa yi iimpumelelo lutshaba, amaJamani baqalisa ngamandla ukuze kulungiswe le meko: Bush ke bagxothwa e Belarus waqalisa ukutsala uxhulumaniso ezongezelelweyo. Ukubona mkhuba, umyalelo eSoviet efunekayo Ngxama uthabathe Minsk ungadlulanga owe-8 Julayi. Isicwangciso kugqithiwe 3 kwekomkhulu kwiriphabliki sele likhuphe, kunye nomkhosi elikhulu baseJamani (amajoni 105 amawaka kunye namagosa) empuma yeso sixeko - engqongwe. Ilizwe wokugqibela abaninzi kubo Sibonile ebomini bam, baba Belarus. 1944 eqokelelwe babulawa isivuno sabo anegazi :. 70 amawaka abantu malunga 35 kunewaka kugqitha ezitratweni kusathe nkxwe wezinto zakomkhulu Soviet .. utshaba phambi Bandakhamele iirenti baseka umsantsa omkhulu sekhilomitha-400 nto ukuze ndithengise. AmaJamani ubalekile.

operation isigaba Two

"Operation Bagration" yayiba izigaba ezibini. Eyokuqala kwaqala nge-23 Juni. Ngeli xesha, kwaba yimfuneko ukuba atyhudise phambi qhinga utshaba, ukwakha mandla ukuze atshabalalise ephakeme Belarusian. kwasenkundleni uqhankqalazo zaye ngokuthe ziyahlangana, gxila umyalelo omnye kwimaphu. Emva kokuba impumelelo ingxaki itshintshile: kuyimfuneko oko ukuqinisekisa ekulandeleni utshaba ngokukhawuleza nokwahlula imigca ukwandiswa. Julayi 4 Jikelele Abasebenzi USSR watshintsha isicwangciso wokuqala, ngokuzalisa isigaba sokuqala phulo.

Endaweni kweendlela ziyahlangana yehlukana kwangaphambili: bafudukela 1st Baltic Front ukuya noSawule, 3rd Belarus wayeza kumkhulula Vilnius kunye Lido, 2 Belorusski phambili ngenxa Navahradak, Grodno kunye Belostok. Rokossovsky waya ngakwicala Baranovichi kunye Brest, wayigqiba yokugqibela, ndafika Lublin.

Isigaba sesibini sale ukusebenza "Bagration" waqala ngomhla we-5 kuJulayi. butho Soviet baqhubeka kwangaphambili yabo ekhawulezileyo. Phakathi kowe-zasehlotyeni vanguards fronts baqalisa nyanzela Neman. bridgeheads ezinkulu babebanjwe kwaye kwi Vistula River. Narev. NgoJulayi 16, i-Red Army esaphethe Grodno 28 - Brest.

August 29 operation yagqitywa. amanyathelo ezayo ezintsha uloyiso.

Ukubaluleka qhinga

Ngokobubanzi bawo "Bagration" yenye yezona maphulo zinkulu zobuchule ekhubekisayo. inkululeko Zizonke Belarus Wavalelwa iintsuku 68. 1944, enyanisweni, faka isiphelo umsebenzi lizwe. Ngaba ngokuyinxenye ifuneke ummandla aseBalti, amajoni eSoviet wawela umda waza wathimba inxalenye Poland.

Ekubulaleni iqela enamandla wemikhosi "Centre" yaba yimpumelelo enkulu yomkhosi qhinga. It yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo imikhosi 3 kunye namacandelo 17 welinye iqela. izigaba 50 walahlekelwa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samalungu ayo. amabutho Soviet zafikelela East Prussia - inqaba yebahlali German.

Ngayo negalelo isiphumo ngempumelelo ngokusebenza yosizi kwezinye imiyalelo, kwakunye nokuvulwa phambili yesibini.

Ngexesha imisebenzi yaseJamani yaba ilahleko abantu malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi (abulawe, belimele kunye namabanjwa). USSR weva ubunzima iilahleko ezinkulu yaye imali 765 815 abantu (178,507 babulawa, 587.308 balimala). amajoni eSoviet wabonisa imimangaliso ubuqhawe ukuze babeke nokukhululwa Belarus. Year of operation, Noko ke, njengoko ixesha lonke yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yaba lixesha impumelelo yesizwe okwenyaniso. I Republic kukho ezininzi zezikhumbuzo kunye ezikhumbuzo. Xa ngekhilomitha 21 emendweni eMoscow wakha iSiganga Uzuko. Monument umqhele esidulini imele onencula ezine esimelela phambi abane wenziwe phulo.

Ixabiso le uloyiso yengingqi imikhulu kangaka nje, ukuba urhulumente waseSoviet wayesiya ukuseka imbasa inkululeko Belarus, kodwa oko akuzange kwenzeke. Ezinye mabhaso imizobo zigcinwa kwi Minsk Museum yembali IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic.