Kwisiqithi Hogland. Kwiziqithi Gulf of Finland

Gulf of Finland e St. Petersburg, nangona tikhoma yangaphandle nkqu "iqhosha lokulayita" kukho ezininzi iindawo ezimangalisayo, ezele ubuhle bendalo kunye nembali sedrama. Elinye lamagugu - Hogland - siqithi sikhulu kummandla Leningrad. Wonke umntu batyelela Hogland, uthethe ube lilizwe magingxigingxi yaye ezizodwa.

etymology

Swedish igama Hogland isiqithi bubonakala "phantsi phezulu." Eneneni, kukho eliphezulu iintaba, amahlathi, zonxweme lwamawa, eshiya phantse nkqo emanzini. yonke landscape yi uphawu Eastern Fennoscandia. Le eFinland kwakhona ngokuba ukususela kwixesha lakudala kwisiqithi Suur-saari, in translation - i "Land Enkulu."

zobukhulu

Hogland Island - enkulu amanzi Russian ye-Gulf of Finland. Kubhaliwe ibekwe ngeekhilomitha ezili-10 kwimpuma umda Russian maritime kunye eFinland. Emantla ukuya Ngasemzantsi bulukwe yi malunga 11 km, yaye ububanzi ukusuka kwi 1.5 ukuya 3 km. yonke indawo ye siqithi - 20,65 km ^2.

indawo

iqhekeza ezibonakala hlali komhlaba ngendlela elula kwaye ke ngoko sele kusungulwe indawo ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga. Ekunene, kubekwe 180 leekhilomitha St. Petersburg, i-Gulf of Finland kunye Kronstadt inqaba, a amazibuko Russian ezinkulu (Primorsk, Vysotsk, Vyborg, Ust-Luga). Ekhohlo - Finland kunye Estonia.

Isiqithi wohlula entshonalanga, enzulu ngakumbi ezinetyuwa Gulf of Finland, ukusuka osempuma - a kuyaphi namnandi. Uququzelelo geographical ye siqithi:

• 60ᵒ01 '- 60ᵒ06' s. w.;
• 26ᵒ56 '- 27ᵒ00' ngaphakathi. d.

Kwidolophu ekufutshane Finnish of Kotka kubekwe 43 km ukuya mpuma. Xa emazantsi yonxweme Estonian we-Gulf imalunga-55 km, kwaye kwisiqithi Great Tyuters - kumzantsi-mpuma, kumgama 18.5 km ukusuka eKapa. Umgama kumgca othe ngqo ukuya Ust-Luga - 85 km.

Kwiziqithi Gulf of Finland: Hogland

Le ukukhululeka siqithi dissected ngamandla, ukuphakama ingundoqo asusela 108 m kumntla (Poheyskorkia induli) ukuya 175,7 m emazantsi (Lounatkorkia entabeni). Kudla kukho namawa onamatye ukuya kwiimitha ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu, ukuphakama iphezulu (50-70 m) bafike amathambeka yasentshona iinduli Myakiinpyayallyus Haukkavuori.

Kunye kuloo mida empuma nasentshona ezi coves amancinci iziqithi ezininzi ezincinane. Shore becala elulwalwa, kuloo matheku - kunye nezinkulu ingqalutye, yaye kuphela Bay Suurkyulyanlahti - beach ecocekileyo uyisanti. Oku zivaliwe futhi elula neenqanawa Bay ukwakweli kumntla-mpuma siqithi. Lukhuselwe nge adla kunye siteshi ubunzulu ka-4.2 m kwi ugwebu, xa ububanzi ekungeneni 90 m. South bay ibekwe Suurkyulyanlahti kumangcwaba endala Finnish.

iinqanawa

Kwi siqithi kukho lighthouse ezimbini. North Hogland lighthouse, omi phezu kwentaba Poheyskorkia wakha phantsi uPetros Great ngo-1723. Southern Hogland yasekwa ngo-1905 ngenxa yomthetho uNicholas II. Ukususela ngo-2006 station imisebenzi tracking ekude iinqanawa, wakha kufuphi South Lighthouse. Kwendlela zegrabile kuphela udlula yonke siqithi, odibanisa izakhiwo ezimbini.

kwimisebenzi yezobunzululwazi

Gulf of Finland ukuba izazinzulu ilabhoratri ekhethekileyo zendalo, apho, nangona umsebenzi esebenzayo zabantu, i-ecosystem liyalondolozwa ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni. Uhambo Complex eziphilayo zeBhayoloji Research Institute of St. Petersburg State University ukuba ukufunda kwiziqithi inxalenye Russian ye-Gulf of Finland, kuquka kwisiqithi Hogland, ebanjwe ngonyaka ukususela ngowe-1991 ukuya kowe-1995 kwi inyathelo kunye nxaxheba ngqo kuMlawuli D. V. Osipova.

Ngoko bona baqhubeka ngowe-2003-2004 kwisikhokelo lweeprojekthi ezidibeneyo BiNII kunye Finnish Environment Institute (TSOSF). Ngo-2004 isifundo ezafumana inkxaso-mali kwi Environmental Fund yommandla Leningrad. ukuhlola zejoloji siqithi yaqala ngo-2001 kwaye baqhubeka ngo-2003-2004. Qokelela izinto ukuchaza nohlaza i Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences ngo-1994-1998 kwaye ngo-2004-2006. Izinto accumulated uvumelekile ukuba enze ngezityalo, imaphu umyezo kunye zejoloji mmandla, kunye nokujonga utshintsho kubunjani ngokusekelwe ngaphambili wafumana data.

I UNESCO flag

Hogland Island ayikho nje itsala yendalo. Ngowe-1826 kwisiqithi le ngeenkwenkwezi German-Russian, umalathisi Pulkovo Observatory V. Ya. Struve wasungula item elikhethekileyo yinxalenye yeprojekthi namabhongo ukubala ubungakanani kunye nokumila Umhlaba. I njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "Struve Geodetic Arc", kukunaba emdeni Arctic Ocean ukuya iDanube, awaziwa yi UNESCO njenge World Heritage Site.

Ngokutsho irejista, izinto ezimbini - "indawo Z» kunye «Isiqendu Myakipyallyus" (isihloko igama elifanayo rock) - zicwangciswe kule kude ukusuka isahlulo nxweme. Apha Victor Ya ukubukela ububanzi azimuths, ngaphandle iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ngeenkwenkwezi. Oku kungqina indlela ebalulekileyo kwiNyoba Finland.

ESt Petersburg yasingatha inkomfa elungiselelwe izinto "Struve Arc". Uhambo ekhethekileyo wathunyelwa siqithi, nto leyo eye kuqikelelwa imeko kanye le into UNESCO. Ukuba kukhunjulwe isiganeko wembali ezimbini uphawu ngeenkwenkwezi ifakiwe. Lokuqala - phezu Myakiinpyayallyus endulini. It is a ilitye lesikhumbuzo kunye nombhalo "amanqaku geodetic Myakiinpyayallyus owasekwa ngo 1826. Q. I Struve. Phambi Ismail 841.657 toise ku Gammerfasta 660130 toise. I nomlinganiselo yokuqala arc EFT eRashiya ukususela 1816 ukuya 1855. ".

Suurkyulyanlahti kufuphi bay, emahlathini, ekudibaneni kwindlela ekhokelela kwibhakana North, wamisa enye lesikhumbuzo, nayo azinikele inomlinganiselo ithe cwaka V. Ya. Struve. Lo mqondiso ngeenkwenkwezi "Hogland Z» iye efakwe abaqeshwa Pulkovo Observatory.

angumfanekiso zembali

Kwiziqithi Gulf of Finland nelinabemi abantu kwixesha lakudala. yokuqala yazo balufunda Sami. Oku kungqinwa izinto ezingcwele afumaneka kwi kwiincopho zeentaba - amatye, iminqwazi, sadie, "isibingelelo", Ufana iindawo zonqulo le Saami of the Kola Peninsula.

Kwixesha elizayo ngokwembali kwangoku Hogland eyayiyinxalenye Sweden. Le ntsomi bathi izinyanya zikude siqithi baba Pirates kunye ukungenisa. Ezi ntsomi ke iyavakala, ekubeni siqithi kufuphi kweendlela eziphambili kurhwebo indawo enamatye kuba yindawo entle ukuba nokuyenza, liphanga iinqanawa ababevela entshonalanga ukuya Neva kunye Novgorod.

Kuba Russia siqithi wemka ngo-1743 emva kokuba kwenziwe isivumelwano uxolo Sweden. Ngo Julayi 1788 e-Hogland kwabakho ukulwa yomkhosi wamanzi phakathi azinakulawuleka Russian kwaye Swedish, eyaziwa ngokuba Idabi Hogland. Yaphela uloyiso zonke izithuthi Russian, nto leyo ikhokelele eRashiya zibethelelwe ubunini esi siqithi.

yamangcwaba imikhumbi

Hogland Island ibekwe ngaphesheya Gulf of Finland, xa intliziyo yayo, esondele endulo kubanjwa ngendlela ulwandle eliphilileyo. Inani elikhulu lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kunye namatye kumphezulu zaba sisikhubekiso yokwaphukelwa rhoqo kude nonxweme Hogland. In memory of bomhla wakhe ufuna ukugcina imbali lokufa Russian emithathu nge- umkhumbi "America", lwenzeka Oktobha ebusuku ngo1856. Isitya eso zithwele izibonda nentsimbi e Tallinn, kodwa kanye sisaqhwithi off emantla-mpuma unxweme, hit iliwa kwaye yazika kufutshane North Lighthouse. Emangcwabeni kufuphi elalini Suurkyulya uyakwazi ukubona amangcwaba ezimbini apho amagosa 2 noomatiloshe 34 baphume emkhombeni zaphuka sangcwatywa "iMelika". Ngo-1999, iintsalela zesinye xinyenyana ezazikayo afunyanwa yi amalungu eklabhu Estonian "Ichthyander" Maahelli Bay kunxweme olusentshona siqithi.

Ukuzalwa radio

Ngokwenene jikelele ukuthandwa siqithi wazisa ezobunzululwazi A. S. Popova, xa ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 1900 kwasekwa unxibelelwano phakathi kusungulwe esingenazingcingo kunye kwisiqithi Finnish ka Hogland Kutsalo kufuphi Kotka kuqala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba isizathu yokuvavanywa unomathotholo kwakhona lokonakalisa inqanawa. Inqanawa "Jikelele-Admiral Apraksin", esendleleni eya kuba ubusika Kronstadt e Liepaja port, Novemba 13, 1899 wabetha iliwa ontywiliselwe off ngasezantsi-mpuma kunxweme.

Susa ukusuka iliwa phantsi kuqala yemozulu ebusika kwaye ukuyilwa olukhawulezayo ngumkhenkce kufuphi nonxweme le yindawo akwenzeki. Kuba lombutho kumsebenzi wohlangulo kwafuneka ukumisela unxibelelwano ogudileyo kunye zokuhlala elikufutshane, nto leyo isixeko Kotka, yaye ngalo - eSt Petersburg. Emva eziliqela iinzame engenaziqhamo ukuseka ikhonkco radio yokuqala Januwari 24 kunye Lounatkorkia induli (ngoku ekuthiwa mlilo Popov) ekugqibeleni ngempumelelo Umyalezo yokuqala radio yadluliselwa. Xa kukhunjulwa esi siganeko kwi kwisiza samaza efakiweyo tshe yokuqala kunye isi- A. S. Popovu.

XX kwekhulu

Ukususela ngo-1917, xa Republic of eFinland yafumana inkululeko, kwisiqithi Hogland waya eFinland. Kukho kwiilali ezimbini Finnish baba - Suurkyulya (eliguqulelwa ngokuthi Big Village) kunye Kiiskinkyulya (ilali Ershov), enabantu abantu liwaka, ikakhulu abazibandakanya zokuloba ngetywina nokuzingela. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho, kwisiqithi abantu 896 ubomi, 1929 ubalo. iziseko ezimbanjeni izindlu, iindonga ilitye, Wahlahla intsimi - bonke ubungqina bokuba yangaphambili ubomi esinoxolo siqithi wahlala phezu kwisiza zemizana bangaphambili. Emva kokugqitywa imfazwe eSoviet-Finnish ukuba esi sivumelwano yoxolo (1940) Hogland watshintshelwa eSoviet Union.

Iziganeko komntu senzeka esiqithini ngexesha Second World War. Ngo August, 1941 iinqanawa, kwibhodi kuzo iimbacu - abantwana, abasetyhini, wazama ukwaphula ngaphandle Tallinn bayingqinga ku Kronstadt, kodwa babulawa moya waseJamani. Oomatiloshe iqembu iinqanawa phantsi Admiral IG Svetova wamhlangula ngaphezulu kwama-12 amawaka abantu emanzini. Phantsi intando Admiral, waza wangcwatywa 1983 elunxwemeni encamini Suurkyulyanlahti ecaleni engcwabeni lamajoni bewile. Kule ndawo lwakwakhiwa obelisk.

Ngexesha Gulf Enkulu Patriotic of Finland yaba kwindawo ngxabano eSoviet-German. amadabi abaziingwanyalala zazilwela phakathi umkhosi Soviet, Finnish kunye nesiJamani kwi Hogland. Monument ukuze amajoni bawa i umnqamlezo endala eyenziwe ngomthi kubekwa phezu kolwandle Liivalahdenyarvi.

karhulumente yangoku

Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe kwi siqithi zidalwe iinqaba, efakwe kutshanje a yerada wokhuselo enamandla dismantled. Ngoku apha kukho kuphela isithuba umda encinane kunye nabaqeshwa inkonzo yokukhangela ubomi ekukhonzeni iinqanawa, kwakunye nabasebenzi isikhululo zemozulu, osebenza esiqithini ukususela kwiminyaka ngenkulungwane XIX.

Hogland yinxalenye yolawulo District Kingisepp, (i-Gulf of Finland, kummandla iLeningrad). Xa bay Suurkyulyanlahti asakhasayo iziko yabakhenkethi. Wakha hotel euroclass enemigangatho emibini sele ezifumana abakhenkethi. Ngenxa yoko, ukususela kwisiqithi lamabutho umda amanzi Russian Hogland kuxhaphaka ajike abe kubakhenkethi eMecca of Eastern lweBaltic.