Kulandwa iphepha Leningrad - iphepha

Igama evela ukope ulwimi isiFrentshi - isiFrentshi. calque, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ikopi istensile. Kwakukho imveliso kushishino ukukhanya ixesha elide - ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, xa isetyenziswa jikelele nabayili bezakhiwo, amagcisa, kunye majors zobunjineli njengoko na enxulumene ne imizobo ukukopa, imizobo, kunye nezikim ezahlukeneyo. Asinto kunzima ukuthelekelela ukuba yogcino lwenziwa ngokubeka iphepha sokulandela ukuya kubulela ntlandlolo elubala yayo, oko sichaza kwisekethe. Le ndlela ke zigxile ebomini bethu, kunye intlungu okanye uvuyo, isetyenziswa ngoku.

Evumela ukusetyenziswa iphepha lokuzoba ngeenjongo ezinjalo? Kakade umgangatho, ezifana lexinene ubukhulu (enyanisweni - a elubala). Ngaphaya iphepha lokuzoba ezikumgangatho ophezulu zingafumaneka namhlanje ngeendlela ezininzi - ngokwandisa iqondo esivikivayo Schopper-Riggleru (ukuya kwi 94 degrees) kunye calendering. Okwesibini, le ndlela anqabileyo, kodwa, oko, ivumela ukuba afumane ezininzi nokuzabalazela komsipha kwi elubala kakhulu. Ukuveliswa wasebenzisa indibanisela kubo, njengokuba uhlobo ukusilela. Lo mzila wahamba, umzekelo, abaphuhlisi tracings ka eLeningrad, nto leyo yanceda ukuba ufumane iphepha umkhondo eyimfuneko ekumgangatho ophezulu, kumanqanaba ngexabiso elifanelekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa tracings Soviet iimpawu (GOST 892-70) wathi tracings iphepha iLeningrad, zibonwa mkhulu Gostovskaya ingxinano yesibini, amandla (okt. E. ubukhulu akuguquki) ngexesha elifanayo na enasilela elubala. Le mveliso osetyenziselwa ukuzoba njenge-ink (inki umkhondo lusetyenziswa ukukhuphela imizobo, 'endala-oyile "), kwaye" ipensile ", kwaye uvumele ukusetyenziswa kwamazinga aphezulu iphepha lokuzoba, nkqu ukubhaka eziko. Ekubeni ukope ngokwesiseko iphepha, i balo yeencindi imisela isicelo, kubandakanywa kwishishini yokutya (umz, izinto ukunceda ngexesha nokuthuthwa kweemveliso). Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba ukubalula iipateni zemveliso xa ethunga mveliso, ngenxa yokuba akukho kunayo nayiphi na enye neemfuno ahlabayo eliphezulu ngqo impahla selubala kunye ashinyeneyo.

Kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa, ngokukhethekileyo, iphepha lokuzoba ufumana izicelo ezimbalwa ukuba ikopi efanayo imizobo, ngenxa yokuba kwakukho CAD kunye nemfuneko yokuba imizobo ezakheke esimbaxa unyamalele, kodwa kubalulekile besithi imveliso ufumene ubomi lesibini digital ukuprinta nokwenza iikopi imizobo yi electrophotography. Ngenxa yoko, ushishino abaninzi ukukhanya nangoku ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle iphepha lokuzoba, kwakunye ngaphandle yokhuphiswano, kunzima ukuba imlungisele i niche emarikeni. Nje umbuzo apho kuthenga iphepha lokuzoba, ihoseyile okanye ngemiyinge emincinci, yintoni na ixabiso ephepheni ezingaqondakaliyo ngoku? Ngapha koko, abaninzi eSoviet wambuyisela umgca yemveliso kwi amakhasethi ezintsha proizvodstennyh nokusebenzisa ezintsha avelisa ezingaqondakaliyo. Ubunzima ukuba akhuphe bonelelo anayenza. Kwimarike kukho izinto ezintsha, ezifana umkhondo iphepha iLeningrad, leyo ofihla umgangatho wabo achazayo nethandwa iimeko yonikezelo. Indlela yokupasa imveliso kakhulu ilula - indibanisela ngobuchule kunye nokusetyenziswa umgangatho iindwendwe Soviet kunye ezintsha zobugcisa, enkosi kuzelwe impahla iresiphi ogqibeleleyo.