Oceans: le ngxaki. Ingxaki yokusetyenziswa ezilwandle

Ocean - nelaye lasisiseko yobomi, ngumthombo oksijini kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu abaninzi. Kuba eminyaka ubutyebi bayo baba pholisa, yaye elilungu onke amazwe kunye nabantu. Kodwa kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kuye ibekwe yonke endaweni yayo - zaye ummandla umda wonxweme, imithetho yeelwandle, iingxaki nezisombululo ezinokusetyenziswa.

iinkalo zoMthetho ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ocean

Kude yoma zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwafunyaniswa ukuba iilwandle kuba bonke ubutyebi kunye namabango ezifunda yonxweme States ingafikelela akukho iikhilomitha ezingaphezu kwesithathu Nautical. Ngokusemthethweni, umthetho emsebenzini, kodwa eneneni, ithi abaninzi baye bavakalisa amabango zabo kwindawo ezinkulu zaselwandle, ukuya iikhilomitha ezingamakhulu amabini elwandle ukusuka elunxwemeni. Ingxaki yokusetyenziswa ezilwandle liye lancipha ukwenza inzuzo ukuwonakalisa imimandla yezoqoqosho unxweme. lithi abaninzi bathi ulongamo zabo phezu imimandla lwaselwandle ngokuhlaselwa abo ithathwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngoko ke, ingxaki yophuhliso elwandle, ukusetyenziswa amathuba ayo ezijongene Mercantile umdla States ngamnye.

Ngowe-1982, le nkomfa ubuncinane uMthetho woLwandle, eyayibanjelwe phantsi kwephiko le-UN. Kwahlangatyezwana iingxaki ezisisiseko kwezilwandle. sathathwa ngenxa yokuba imihla emininzi zoxolo olwandle isigqibo - lilifa eliqhelekileyo loluntu. Kuba uthi ukuba kuqiniswe dvuhsotmilnye kwimimandla yonxweme kwezoqoqosho ukuba la mazwe anelungelo lokusebenzisa iinjongo zorhwebo. imimandla yezoqoqosho enjalo ahlala 40 ekhulwini izithuba zizonke zolwelo. Emazantsi olwandle evulekileyo, imithombo yayo yendalo kunye nezibonelelo zoqoqosho zavakaliswa impahla eqhelekileyo. Ukubeka esweni ukungqinelana nemigaqo yale komiti ezizodwa sele isungulwe ukuze alawule ukusetyenziswa kweendawo unxweme kwezoqoqosho, leyo yahlukana Oceans. Iingxaki ezivelayo impembelelo yabantu kokusingqongileyo kwaselwandle, kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngoorhulumente zabo. Ngenxa yoko, umgaqo yokusetyenziswa simahla kweelwandle eziphakamileyo kuphinda isetyenziswe.

Akwenzeki ukuba zazi ukubaluleka kwinkqubo yezothutho elwandle komhlaba. iingxaki Global ezinxulumene imithwalo kunye yezithuthi zikawonkewonke, wagqiba ngokusebenzisa yeenkundla ezizodwa, kwaye umsebenzi ezithutha oyile negesi - by ukwakhiwa ezisendleleni.

ukumbiwa lwenzelwa ezishelifini yamazwe yonxweme, ingakumbi ngokunzima kuphuhliswa iidipozithi yerhasi neoli. Ulwandle iqulethe ezininzi izisombululo iityuwa, izinyithi ezinqabileyo kunye organic. concretions Huge - oovimba kanzulu zesinyithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, iron ne-manganese - ndilale phantsi olwandle ngamanzi. Iingxaki kwezibonelelo ulwandle akumi indlela yokufumana ezi zibonelelo ukusuka komile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa eziphilayo. Ekugqibeleni, ufakelo ephantsi ixabiso kwetyuwa na ukusombulula le ibalulekileyo iingxaki zabantu - yokunqongophala kwamanzi okusela. Ocean amanzi yeyona isinyibilikisi kakhulu, ngoko Oceans usebenza isityalo enkulu nokuhlawulwa inkunkuma yasekhaya. A Ocean tide sele isetyenziswe ngempumelelo ukwenza ubukho amandla ombane.

Ukususela kwixesha lakudala, kolwandle ukubaphakela abantu kubo. Nezokukhupha intlanzi kunye saselwandle esineqokobhe, Ingca yolwandle saselwandle esineqokobhe etheza - yezandla zamandulo, ezivele ekuqaleni yempucuko. Ukususela ngoko, izixhobo kunye nemigaqo lokuloba awuyitshintshanga. Ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa imveliso isikali kuphela kwezinto eziphilayo.

Kuko konke oku ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwemithombo ocean ngokubonakalayo iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kwaselwandle. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba imodeli olubanzi yemisebenzi yoqoqosho kunciphisa kakhulu ukukwazi layo lokuzimela yokucoca nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma. Ngoko ke, le ngxaki yehlabathi ukusetyenziswa ezilwandle ukuba ngenyameko ukusebenzisa bonke ukuba eyinikezayo yoluntu, kungengaso aziwuthi ngelixa impilo yayo yendalo.

iinkalo Environmental ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ocean

Oceans - giant oxygen generator kwindalo. Umlimi iphambili lwesi sakhi yemichiza kubalulekile ebomini ezincinane ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza. Ukongeza, kolwandle - lokucoca eyona inamandla, kwaye lwepolitiki truck, oqhubekekisa kwaye benzise iimveliso indle yabantu. Ukungakwazi yale ndlela ekhethekileyo zendalo ukujongana yokulahla inkunkuma - ngxaki ebonakalayo yokusingqongileyo. World ungcoliseko Ocean kwenzeka kwiimeko ezininzi ngenxa umntu.

Eyona eziphambili ezibangela ungcoliseko wolwandle:

• ukuhlanjululwa ezingonelanga ubunzima ngamanzi zoshishino kunye zasekhaya inkunkuma emilanjeni kunye elwandle.
• Amanzi amdaka angena elwandle evela emasimini nasemahlathini. Bathi ziqulathe izichumisi ekunzima ukubola kwi-bume yaselwandle.
• Ukulahla - ukungcwatywa rhoqo kwakhona emazantsi beelwandle kunye neelwandle ze zingcolisi ezahlukeneyo.
• Ukuvuza amafutha okanye oyile kunye ezahlukeneyo iinqanawa zolwandle kunye nomlambo.
• Ukuphinda ukusilela kwemibhobho, ihamba emazantsi.
• Inkunkuma kunye inkunkuma evela kwi nezokukhupha kwezimbiwa kwindawo kwithala yaye komile.
• Neetyuwa equlathe into eyingozi.

Ukuba kuqokelela zonke izinto ezingcolisa ukuba isongela elwandle, sinako ukuchonga ingxaki echazwe ngezantsi.

kugadwe

It kwalahlwa kuyo ebizwa ngocwangcisa kwenkunkuma imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu olwandle. kuvela iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ngenxa ngokugqithiseleyo umphutha ezinjalo. Isizathu sokuba olu hlobo lwenkunkuma sele kuvamile kukuba amanzi olwandle a iipropati eliphezulu exela. Marine akuMazwe imigodi inkunkuma phantsi kunye namashishini metallurgical, inkunkuma yasekhaya, inkunkuma yokwakha, atom leyo kuvela kumsebenzi zenyukliya, amachiza, ezinamazinga ezahlukeneyo yetyhefu.

Ngexesha sicatshulwa ezingcolisa emanzini ipesenti ethile inkunkuma unyityilikiswa emanzini olwandle kwaye luguqula nokubunjwa kwayo chemical. Ukungabi nazimfihlo owayo, kuba yayintsha umbala wayo kunye nevumba. Le ezingcolisa yamasuntswana eseleyo ezifakwe kwi elwandle okanye ulwandle phantsi. iidipozithi ezinjalo kukhokelela ukuba ekwakhiweni yahluka imihlaba ezantsi, kukho iikhompawundi ezifana emanzini kunye ammonia. Umxholo eliphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini olwandle iziphumo ukuphazamiseka eseleyo ioksijini, obuquka ukuncitshiswa kwenani ezincinane kunye ulwelwe zilungiswa kunye nenkunkuma. izinto eziqaliweyo ifilim phezu kwamanzi, nto leyo iphazamise exchange igesi emanzini-umoya. izinto eziyingozi unyityilikiswa emanzini, bakholisa ukuba yande imizimba eziphila elwandle. Abantu zeentlanzi, intlanzi kunye molluscs kuyehla, kwaye umzimba uqalisa lokuziguqula. Ngoko ke kwingxaki yokusetyenziswa elwandle kukuba iimpawu bume zaselwandle zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo ingxilimbela balo matshinana lokurisayikilisha.

Ungcoliseko zizinto radioactive

Atom - izinto ezivelayo ngenxa izityalo zamandla enyukliya. Oceans inkonkxa steel yokugcina, oluqulathe inkunkuma eqhumayo kakhulu amandla enyukliya. Amaqela into Transuranium busebenza iminyaka eliwaka eliqela. Nangona inkunkuma eyingozi kakhulu zipakishwe kwizikhongozelo etywiniweyo, umngcipheko imisebe yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Le into ekwenziwa ngayo zenziwe izikhongozeli, uhlala baboniswa isenzo olwandle. Emva kwexesha wavumela ukuba flow amandla, kunye nezinto ezinobungozi hi mpimo lowutsongo, kodwa kweyela elwandle. Iingxaki nokungcwatywa inkunkuma wonke kwindalo: Ngokwezibalo, kwi yee- ze emazantsi enzulu idipozithi wathabatha malunga 7 kweetoni eziliwaka izinto eziyingozi .. Okwangoku, Usongo ezibangelwe ezo amanxuwa ukuba wayengcwatywe kwamanzi olwandle ukuya kwiminyaka 30-40 eyadlulayo.

Ungcoliseko nge izinto eziyityhefu

amachiza ayityhefu ziquka aldrin, dieldrin, iintlobo DDT, ezinye avela yeKhlorini-equlethe lweziqalelo. Kwezinye iingingqi, kukho xi eliphezulu iarseniki zinc. level kweelwandle neelwandlekazi ungcoliseko iisepha nako engaziwa. Iisepha ibizwa surfactants, zona yinxalenye kweekhemikhali khaya. Kunye ukuhamba imilambo, ezi zihlanganisi kweyela elwandle, apho inkqubo yokurisayikilisha kuqhubeka eminyaka. Umzekelo amabi umsebenzi ophezulu zeekhemikhali arhente imfazwe le ntaka zabadla ubunzima ngaphandle Ireland. Kwathi kanti, isizathu sokuba oku kwaba iikhompawundi polihloridfenilovye eziwela elwandle kunye kwamanzi amdaka avela kwimizi. Ngaloo ndlela, iingxaki zokusingqongileyo elwandle yachukumisa ihlabathi zabemi ezisentlabathini.

Ungcoliseko ne enzima

ikakhulu Oku kukhokelela, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, kunye mercury. iimpawu zayo yityhefu lwezi methali ahlale kangangeenkulungwane. Ezi izinto ezisetyenziswa kushishino enzima. Kwi-mveliso kunye okusila kukho ubuchule ezahlukeneyo ukucoca, kodwa, nangona oku, uninzi lwezi zinto ufake yamanzi amdaka elwandle. Kuba eziphilayo zaselwandle ziyingozi usongo olukhulu lesigidi kunye bakhokele. Iindlela eziphambili kubafaka olwandle - amanxuwa mveliso, exhausts kuzo iimoto, umsi kunye uthuli kwamashishini mveliso. Ayizizo zonke states baqonde ukubaluleka kwale ngxaki. Oceans abakwazi ukusebenza izinyithi enzima, kwaye awela esikule kweentlanzi, intlanzi kunye molluscs. Ekubeni ezininzi izidalwa zaselwandle izinto ukuloba, izinyithi enzima khompawundi zabo eyele kutya abantu, ebangela ukugula kakhulu, nto leyo azisoloko ukuphendula unyango.

Kungcoliseko oyile kunye namafutha iimveliso

Oil - imbaxa organic ezimbaxa carbon, ulwelo lunzima umbala emnyama ngebala. Iingxaki ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo iilwandle okubangelwa wokuchitheka kwe-oyile. Xa yee- yolwandle kwavunyelwana malunga nezigidi-16 tonnes. Oku imelwe 0.23% yemveliso yehlabathi yeoli ngelo xesha. Isikakhulu imveliso ingena ulwandle nge ukuvuza evela ezisendleleni. High lamanani ioli ecaleni imizila olusebenza yokuthumela. Oku kungenxa kaxakeka ezenzeka imikhumbi, ekufunxeni kunye ukuthoba amanzi zokulinganisa ezinqanaweni nonxweme. Masters of iimpahla anoxanduva ukuvimbela meko. Ngapha koko, ngokunxulumene iingxaki zakhe. Oceans owehlileyo yi afunxwe imveliso iidiphozithi kuphuhliswa - ngenxa yokuba kukho inani elikhulu kumaqonga akhiwe ezishelfini kwaye enzonzobileni yolwandle. amanzi inkunkuma kusiwa kolwandle, inkunkuma yorhwebo ulwelo, ngendlela kumanzi livela malunga 0.5 million yeetoni ngonyaka ngamnye.

Imveliso amanzi olwandle iyachithakala kancinci. Okokuqala, lithe laqhenqetha phezu komhlaba umaleko obhityileyo. Iibhloko oyile umboniso kwii kwelanga neoksijini emanzini olwandle, apho transfer ubushushu simbi. Le mveliso Iifomu emulsions ezimbini amanzi - i "ioli emanzini 'yaye' amanzi ioli". Zombini emulsions abamelana kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle; amabala kwakhiwa ngabo, bakhululekile ukuhamba phesheya kolwandle ngoncedo yolwandle, izinze kwi maleko ezantsi beaching. Ukutshatyalaliswa emulsions ezinjalo, okanye adale iimeko kuqhubekeko oluphambili - oku kwakhona isisombululo ukusombulula imicimbi bolwandle kwimeko ungcoliseko oyile.

ukungcola thermal

ingxaki yongcoliseko emhlabeni, lube luloluncinane kuzo olubonakalayo indalo. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha utshintsho kwamaqondo obushushu imisinga balance amanzi onxweme waphula imijikelo yobomi lobomi zaselwandle, nto leyo ke iilwandlekazi sisityebi. Iingxaki zehlabathi ezinxulumene ukufudumala, kubangelwa kukuba amanzi eliphezulu lobushushu alahlwa evela amashishini kunye nezityalo namandla. Ukupholisa ulwelo umthombo zendalo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ububanzi bamanzi bumi kuphazamisa ubushushu zendalo engqongileyo yaselwandle, leyo kunciphisa kakhulu umgangatho ioksijini kwiingcamba emazantsi amanzi. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni ezizalana ezimdaka kunye anaerobic iintsholongwane, athi abenoxanduva nokuqwalaselwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Iindlela ukuxazulula iingxaki ezilwandle

Global ungcoliseko amafutha ukuba inani leentlanganiso kwi oorhulumente namagunya ngezasemanzini, abachaphazelekayo malunga ukulondoloza ngayo ulwandle. Iingxaki baqalisa ukunxiba uhlobo esisongela. Kwaye phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, inani lwemithetho eziseka uxanduva ukhuseleko ekuhlambululeni amanzi kwimimandla yonxweme. iingxaki zehlabathi ezilwandle inxenye isigqibo kwinkomfa London ngo-1973. isisombululo yayo ifuna yonke nqanawa ukuba ngesatifikethi esifanelekileyo ngamazwe engqina ukuba zonke oomatshini, izixhobo kunye neendlela zikwimeko entle, kwaye inqanawa osibonayo kolwandle, Musani ukubaphatha kakubi kokusingqongileyo. Iinguqu zenziwa kunye nezithuthi zokwakha ethwele ioli. Imithetho ezintsha zifuna zidlula mihla kufuneka isinqe kabini. Wavalwa ngokupheleleyo ekufunxeni amanzi angcolileyo-oli ioli, ukucocwa iinqanawa ezo kufuneka yenziwe kwizibuko izinto ezikhethekileyo. Kodwa kutshanje, izazinzulu ziye liphuhlise emulsion eyodwa ococa zidlula ioli ngaphandle yokulahla amanzi angcolile.

A Amanzi wokuchitheka kwe-oyile ngengozi lupheliswe ngoncedo ezidadayo skimmers oyile kunye nemiqobo ezahlukeneyo lateral.

iingxaki zehlabathi ezilwandle, ukungcolisa oyile ethile, kwatsala ingqalelo izazinzulu. Emva koku kufuneka ukuba wenze into ethile. Lomqhubi wokuchitheka kwe-oyile emanzini - ingxaki omkhulu elwandle. Solutions kule ngxaki ziquka zombini iindlela ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza. Kakade, amagwebu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye izinto yayingenakuzika ukuba ezinokuqokelelwa-90% ye-amabala. Kamva umbandela buzane iqokelelwa ioli, imveliso zityhalelwa kulo. Iimaleko izinto ezifana lungasetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kuba ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye isebenza ngokwaneleyo kakhulu ekuqokeleleni ioli ukusuka kwindawo enkulu.

izazinzulu Japanese baye ichiza esekelwe nerayisi ese exolweni. Le nto ke kutshizwa kwindawo kweoli kwaye uqokelele zonke i oyile kwixesha elifutshane. Emva kwale block izinto buzane kwimveliso, unako ukubamba ngomnatha eziqhelekileyo zokuloba.

Indlela umdla saphuhliswa zizazinzulu zaseMelika ukuphelisa ezo amabala kwi-Atlantic Ocean. Phantsi ukuchitheka oyile uvikivwa imbasa yodongwe eziqhotyoshelwe element ive. eshukuma uphelileyo, i-oyile oluhlala ukusekwa otyebileyo iqala ukuba zixoxe phezu moya ceramic. oyile kunye emthonjeni wamanzi amdaka ephakamayo yi umsinga wombane lisetyenziswa nembasa. Ngoko imveliso combusted ngaphandle ebangela nawuphi na umonakalo kokusingqongileyo.

Ngowe-1993, umthetho wapasiswa enqanda wokuqhuba elwandle inkunkuma engamanzi radioactive (LRW). Iiprojekthi nokuhlawulwa inkunkuma elolo hlobo iye yaphuhliswa phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-90 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Kodwa ukuba kukho inkunkuma entsha inkunkuma ulwelo eqhumayo akuvumelekanga ngumthetho, i-warehouses endala kwezinto radioactive ezisetyenziswayo, apho phezu kolwandle ukusukela 50 yoo, ingxaki enkulu.

iziphumo

Ukungcola okukhulu kwandisa ingozi yokusebenzisa ubutyebi bendalo, obutyebi kakhulu kwi-Ocean Ocean. Iingxaki ezinxulumene nokulondolozwa kwemijikelezo yemvelo nezendalo zifuna izicombululo ezikhawulezileyo nezichanekileyo. Amanyathelo athathwa ngabaososayensi noorhulumente bamazwe ahamba phambili ehlabathini abonisa umnqweno womntu ukugcina ubutyebi be-Ocean World kwizizukulwana ezizayo zabantu.

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje, igalelo lomntu kwimigangatho yemvelo lithe gqolo, ngoko ke nayiphi na imilinganiselo echanekileyo inkqubo ze-anthropogenic kufuneka zifike ngexesha kwaye ziwanele ukugcina indawo yendalo. Indima ekhethekileyo ekufundeni igalelo lomntu olwandle ludlalwa ngokubeka iliso rhoqo, ngokusekelwe kwixesha elide lokujonga izinto eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuba yiNxweme Yehlabathi. Iingxaki zezinto eziphilayo ezivela kuzo zonke iintlobo zempembelelo yabantu kumanzi zifundwa ngabaphilayo bezilwanyana zasolwandle.

Zonke iintlobo zeengxaki zifuna ukufakwa kwemigaqo emanyeneyo, amanyathelo aqhelekileyo okumelwe athathwe ngokukodwa ngamazwe anomdla. Indlela efanelekileyo apho abantu behlabathi baya kukwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zemvelo yolwandle kunye nokuthintela ukungcola kwalo ukukhusela ukugcinwa kwezinto ezinobungozi olwandle kunye nokudalwa kwezixhobo zokujikeleza ezingekho nkunkuma. Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezinobungozi eziyingozi kwizixhobo ezinobuncedo, ubuchwepheshe obutsha bokuvelisa kufuneka buxazulule iingxaki zokungcola kwamanzi oLwandle lwaseMhlabeni, kodwa kuya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba iingcamango zemvelo ziphunyezwe.