Kwabantu, American Samuel Huntington: engobomi, imisebenzi emikhulu. wengxabano kwemiphakathi

Kwabantu kunye Political Science ngokucacileyo asisiso kudidi Sciences ngqo. Kunzima ukufumana kwizithuba eziye ubume iinyaniso elingenakuphikiswa. Izizathu izazinzulu ehloniphekileyo kunye ezikhethiweyo zibonakala abstract nesowaliweyo ubomi benene, le "ndoda encinane." Kodwa kukho ithiyori, oluthi luqokelelane ngokusekelwe nkqubo amazwe kunye domestic kumazwe ngamnye kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe jikelele. Yiyo loo nto izinto ezifanelekileyo. Samuel Huntington - umbhali American, isazi-nzulu ezopolitiko - umbhali inani beengcamango. iincwadi bakhe babedla eziqulathwe iingcinga kwabonakala olukhulu kakhulu ekuqaleni, uze ibonelela ehlaziya njongo ngokuqhubekayo.

Esakhula

Wazalwa eNew York entwasahlobo ka-1927, imisebenzi zoncwadi enxulumene-ntsapho. Uyise - Richard Thomas Huntington - yaba intatheli, umama - uDorothy Sanborn Phillips - umbhali, kunye notatomkhulu wakhe yomama - Dzhon Fillips - bomshicileli owaziwayo. Ukukhetha umsebenzi ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni oyibona kangaka. Semyuel Fillips Huntington waye ezihlangwini ngokulufaneleyo yasekhaya ngokubhala zizonke iincwadi 17 kunye namanqaku zenzululwazi 90 voluminous.

ImiGangatho iintsapho ukuba inqanaba kunye neendawo kubonakala ukuba ezikhethiweyo kwezemfundo Sam. Ekuqaleni le College "I Nzalandini" (Stuyvesant High School) e New York, ngoko izifundo zesidanga sokuqala e Yale (Yale University) e New Haven - ngo-1946, ngoko ke umantyi kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago (1948) kwaye, ekugqibeleni, Harvard, apho Samuel Huntington ngowe-1951 wafumana isidanga ugqirha-bulumko kunye Political Science.

Into engaqhelekanga ke kuphela ukuba ngempumelelo Iyakwazi yekharityhulamu iiyunivesithi ixesha elifutshane kakhulu kunesiqhelo. Ekubeni ukubhalisa Yale eli-16 ubudala, waphumelela kungekhona kwiminyaka emine, kunye 2.5. A ikhefu kwizifundo zakhe inkonzo elifutshane kwi US Army 1946, phambi kokuba bangene nomantyi.

Profesa Consultant

Emva kokufumana isidanga, waya kusebenza njengomfundisi kwi mater wakhe alma - Harvard. Apho wayesebenza nqapha phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane - de-2007. Kuphela ukususela 1959 ukuya 1962, wachitha uSekela-Mlawuli we-Institute for War Noxolo Reporting kwenye iyunivesithi odumileyo American - Columbia.

Mna ubomi bakhe xa kukho uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo abapolitiki ekwinqanaba eliphezulu ngoku. Ngowe-1968, waba ngumcebisi kumgaqo-angaphandle kwi umgqatswa lukamongameli Hubert Humphrey, yaye ukususela ngowe-1977 ukuya 1978, uSamuweli Huntington wakhonza kulawulo uJimmy Carter njengoko ibe yindawo izicwangciso kwi-National Security Council. uluvo lwakhe ngenyameko wamphulaphula abongameli ezininzi noomabhalane karhulumente, kunye Genri Kissindzher kunye Zbignev Bzhezinsky Huntington ingqalelo njengomhlobo wakhe.

umbhali enkulu

Lonke ixesha simahla ukususela ukufundisa kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu, wayitshabalalisa iincwadi zokubhala. Bazele ucazululo-nkqubo ekhoyo ngoku basekhaya kunye angaphandle lamazwe eziphambili ehlabathini kunye eliqikelelweyo uphuhliso zombini iinkqubo zengingqi nezehlabathi ngokubanzi. Ukuziqambela yokucinga, erudition enkulu kunye neempawu aphezulu zobuqu amenza udumo nentlonelo phakathi nabo. Kubonisa soku sasikukuba ukuba esa izazinzulu yezopolitiko kunye kwezentlalo US onyulwe ukuba umongameli we-American Association of Science Political.

Ngowe-1979, waseka iphephancwadi "Foreign Policy» (Foreign Policy), nto leyo yaba ngomnye iimpapasho ezininzi ehlonelwayo entsimini yobudlelwane bezizwe. Uhlala kunjalo namhlanje, eshiya a bimonthly, ukushicilela kuquka yonyaka "kwihlabathi Index" yaye "uyalahlekelwa Rating oorhulumente."

Book, ukudala igama

Le ncwadi yokuqala, okwadala igama Huntington njengento njengomntwana onengqondo yoqobo kunye umphengululi onengqondo, baba yapapashwa umsebenzi 1957 "Isosha nakuRhulumente. Theory kunye Politics lezoBudlelwane Civil-Military. " Kuyo, wabancina ingxaki kulawulo olusebenzayo, ulawulo waseburhulumenteni phezu imikhosi exhobileyo.

Huntington ihlaziya imeko yokuziphatha kunye nezentlalo angaphathi kwigosa, wafunda zomkhosi amava imbali elidlulileyo - ihlabathi yokuqala - ukususela ngenkulungwane XVII, uze yileyo abazifumene ekuhambeni ungquzulwano kwi kummandla we-United States kwaye phesheya, apho ukuthumela American Expeditionary Force. Le ncwadi ibonakala imeko ngoko yezopolitiko ekuqaleni Cold War. Umqukumbelo sisazinzulu: yawalawula ngokukuko kusini na emkhosini luluntu kufuneka lusekelwe sobuchwepheshe kwayo, phezu ukwanda ngokupheleleyo ubume babantu abaye bachitha ubomi kwinkonzo emkhosini.

Njengezinye iimpapasho ezininzi, le ncwadi yabangela impikiswano enkulu, kodwa kungekudala ezininzi izimvo zalo zaba sisiseko yokuvuselelwa zomkhosi eqhubekayo eli lizwe.

"Order sezoPolitiko Ukutshintsha Uluntu" (1968)

Kwesi sifundo, Scientist yakhe wepolitiki waseMelika wenza uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha imeko yentlalo-yezopolitiko egqubayo yi ekupheleni-imi- 60 lwekhulu XX ehlabathini. It waphawulwa ngokuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuvela uluntu amazwe, ikakhulu ukusuka amathanga zangaphambili, ngaphandle-of-control kulawulo kwaye ukhetha indlela yophuhliso sizoku lwisana ngxabano lwehlabathi yembono lweenkqubo, inkokeli lwayo eSoviet Union kunye United States. Le meko iye yabangela ukuba ukuvela elithi "World Okwesithathu".

Le ncwadi ke ngoku classic ezopolitiko athelekisekayo. Kwaye emva kokuba yathotyelwa kwimeko zagxekwa yi bokholo ye ngoko ezithandwayo phakathi izazinzulu ezopolitiko theory kwempucuko yaseNtshona. Huntington encwadini yakhe igqibe le ngcamango, ebonisa abe umzamo obonisa ukusasaza kumazwe asakhulayo kuphuhliso lwedemokhrasi ngokusebenzisa ngokukhuthazwa iimbono okuqhubekayo.

"I Wave Okwesithathu: nokulawulwa ngokwentando kwi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye XX" (1991)

Uninzi ncwadi kuthatha isifundo yohlobo ehlabathini isindululo sinusoidal inkqubo amazwe ukuze iintlobo sorhulumente wedemokrasi. Emva kokususwa intshukumo enje (Huntington ekuthini amaza ezintathu: 1828-1926, 1943-1962, 1974-) kufuneka lehle (1922-1942, 1958-1975).

ingqiqo nososayensi isekelwe imibono zilandelayo:

• Nokulawulwa ngokwentando - yinkqubo yomhlaba neenkqubo eziqhubekayo jikelele kunye namatyala ezithile.
• Wentando umlinganiswa self-ubalulekile ayinayo injongo ebambekayo.
• Le iintlobo ezohlukileyo ukuze yedemokhrasi.
• Nokulawulwa ngokwentando ayipheli ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX, lo ukubuyisela kunokwenzeka ezithile amazwe kunye nokuqalisa kwe kwinkulungwane elandelayo, igagasi 4.

theory kwemiphakathi

Incwadi ethi "wengxabano Civilizations" (1993) wenza igama Huntington likaThixo idumileyo ehlabathini lonke, aphikisane mabeme ingakumbi bungwanyalala, esiza emdeni US. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ngenkulungwane xxi esiza yokuqingqa umyalelo ihlabathi liya kuba impefumlelwano kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neempucuko ezenziwa ulwimi efanayo kunye zokuphila.

Ukongezelela impucuko yaseNtshona, Huntington uye ezisibhozo ezinjalo Iziseko: lenqaba-Orthodox, ephethwe yi-Russian, IsiJapanese, dha Hindu, Latin American, Afrika, Sinskaya (IsiTshayina) kunye nempucuko of Islam. Imida ngokuseka isazinzulu kwanikezwa indima imigca eziphambili zongquzulwano elizayo.

Intlekele njenge mpikiswano kwi mpikiswano

Ekubeni wakhululwa kwiminyaka emithathu kamva ethi "wengxabano Civilizations kunye ngokuhlanganisa komyalelo yehlabathi", umbhali zaphakamisa ephezulu ngobunzulu mpikiswano malunga ingcamango yayo. Iziganeko ezenzekayo September 11, 2001, abantu abaninzi, ingakumbi baseMerika, niyibonile isiqinisekiso eyongezelelweyo ukuchaneka edumileyo iingqikelelo umhlalutyi wezopolitiko, isimntwiso waqalisa izidubedube kwemiphakathi ezahlukeneyo.

Nangona izazinzulu ezininzi zezopolitiko ulwazi malunga sengqondo esibi kwithiyori Huntington yi abafundile US, kukholelwa ukuba emva kokuhlaselwa, ephelekwa slogans Islamic owatshabalalisa ihlabathi liphela, "ingcamango kwempucuko" sathathwa ngokupheleleyo phezulu yi-US izangqa sigqibo.

yomkhaya Happy

Man kuchazwe kumaphepha zeencwadi zakhe, maxa wambi ngamandla kakhulu kwaye wayeyazi indlela uphindelela wayengafuni lwela uluvo lwabo kwiingxoxo zikawonke, uSamuweli Huntington kubomi bemihla ngemihla wayethozamile kwaye elungeleleneyo. Wayephila kuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, kunye nomfazi wakhe, uNancy, waphakamisa oonyana ababini kunye nabazukulwana ezine.

Umsebenzi yokugqibela ezinkulu nzulu ndabona ukukhanya 2004. Kwincwadi ethi "Ngoobani Ngaba? Iinzima National yesazisi Merika", yena nokuhlalutya imvelaphi kunye neempawu kolu luvo kwaye uzama ukuqikelela ukuba iingxaki balindele iinkcukacha wesizwe baseMerika kwixesha elizayo.

Ngo-2007, Huntington wanyanzeleka ukuba ukugqiba nesigxina sakhe eHarvard kwi ngokonakala zempilo ngenxa yeengxaki SESWEKILE sinwenwa. Wayesebenza edesikeni yakhe de kube lusuku lokugqibela, de kuye ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2008 waza wasweleka kwidolophu lukaMarta Vineyard e Massachusetts.

Kubomi bakhe basemhlabeni ngongoma sele imisiwe, kodwa mpikiswano eyenziwe iincwadi zakhe ehlabathini lonke, hayi kuphelelwa ixesha elide kakhulu.