Ithiyori - nto ... intsingiselo yegama elithi "umbono"

Zonke bezenzululwazi neyavela nokucingela ekuqaleni kwabonakala wasentsomini kunye ndenzile. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, efunde ubungqina esivakalayo samalungu le kokucingelwayo ziye inyaniso eyaziwayo ekuhlaleni. Yaye nayiphi na imfundiso esekelwe phezu lonke ulwazi lwenzululwazi koBuntu. Kodwa yintoni na intsingiselo yegama elithi "umbono"? Impendulo yalo mbuzo uya kufunda kweli nqaku.

le nkcazelo

Kukho iingcaciso ezininzi eli gama. Kodwa eliphezulu abo ezisetyenziswa yi-bume lwenzululwazi. iinkcazelo ezifana lithathwe njengesiseko kunye.

Theory - yinkqubo izimvo entsimini lolwazi, enika yendalo imithetho ekhoyo enxulumene sebaleni.

Kukho inkcazelo nzima ngakumbi. Ithiyori - yinto iseti iingcamango evaliwe ukuba ngokulandelelana yesandi. Lo gama nje loo elithi "umbono" unika logic. Ngokwembono yale theory ingabizwa inzululwazi na ingcamango.

Typology of mbono zesayensi

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungcono malunga iithiyori zenzululwazi kufuneka bajonge ukuhlelwa kwazo. Indlela nefilosofi lenzululwazi, kukho iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko iithiyori zenzululwazi. Makhe siqwalasele nabo ngokwahlukeneyo.

theory enokwehla

Uhlobo lokuqala ngokwemveli ingqalelo theory enokwehla. Imizekelo imfundiso komzimba ka Pavlov, imfundiso zikaDarwin yendaleko, ingcamango yendaleko, theory psychological kweelwimi kunye. Bona zisekelwe iinginginya izibakala iyahlolwa kwaye nokuchaza iqela elithile iziganeko.

Ngokwesiseko la eziqulunqwayo nentetho equkayo, yaye ngenxa yoko - imithetho leyo isiseko apho ukwakha ngcamango. Oku kuyinyaniso kwi nezinye iintlobo neengcamango. Kodwa ingcamango uhlobo olwenziwe yi uqulunqe ngenxa lomlinganiswa ezichazayo kunye nalawo, ngaphandle ukuthobela yonke imithetho ekuqiqeni.

imibono zezibalo

iithiyori zenzululwazi Mathematical zenza uhlobo yesibini ziyabethabethana kule yokuhlela. osemqoka zazo zithwala kukusetyenziswa izixhobo zemathematika kunye neemodeli zemathematika. Kwezi mbono, okhethekileyo imodeli yemathematika, nto leyo uhlobo lwento efanelekileyo ukuba buyisela into yokwenene. A ngumzekelo obalaseleyo olu hlobo zezi logic ithiyori, ithiyori ye isuntswana physics, ithiyori ulawulo, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Njengomgaqo, zisekelwe indlela axiomatic. Oko kukuthi, ukurhoxiswa izibonelelo ezingundoqo umbono wolwazi elikuwo ezisisiseko ezimbalwa. Elikuwo angundoqo kufuneka baphumeze iikhrayitheriya of iinxa zonke, musa iyaphikisana.

Iinkqubo aqale senkolelo

Uhlobo lwesithathu iithiyori zenzululwazi - a iinkqubo aqale theoretical component. Bavela ngenxa ingxaki esisiso ukuqonda ithethelele izibalo. theory lokuqala aqale kuthathwa ukuba geometry Euclidean, nto leyo kwakhiwa kusetyenziswa axiomatic indlela. Kwalo mbono zisekelwe kwizikhokelo ekucaciseni ngoko kwithiyori ezo ngxelo leyo zingafumaneka ngenxa nokuthelekelela izithuba yokuqala. Zonke zombhali kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwithiyori irekhodwa ngokuchanekileyo, ukwenza isiseko ubungqina.

Njengomgaqo, ingcamango aqale jikelele kakhulu kwaye abstract, ngoko ngokufuthi kukho umbuzo ukutyhilwa kwalo. Umzekelo okuphawuleka ithiyori kwemithetho yemvelo. It is a theory ayiniki uvavanyo ayintsonkothanga, ngoko ukutolika zayo ezahlukeneyo.

Ifilosofi mbono yesayensi: xa zithelekiswa njani?

Le ulwazi lwenzululwazi izinto ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye nendima ethile eyabelwe bulumko. Kuyinto umbuzo oosonzululwazi ngokuqulunqa ukusiqonda oku okanye loo mbono, banyukele kwinqanaba hayi nje ukuqonda ingxaki ethile yenzululwazi, kodwa ukuqonda ubomi kunye ngoyena ndoqo ulwazi. Kwaye oku, kakade, ifilosofi.

Ngoko ke, nanku umbuzo. Indlela ifilosofi iphembelela ulwakhiwo lwe-Aristotle? Impendulo ilula, njengoko ezi nkqubo kuhlangene. Le ifilosofi ekhona kwingcamango yenzululwazi ngohlobo imithetho ubhalo, imethodoloji, umfanekiso jikelele yehlabathi kunye nokuqonda yayo, kunye nembonakalo ye sisazinzulu zonke iziseko zenzululwazi esisiseko. Kule meko, ifilosofi zombini imvelaphi kunye njongo ukwakha uninzi iithiyori zenzululwazi. Nokuba kungaphandle kophando, kunye nethiyori lombutho (umz - imfundiso management) ayikho ngaphandle isiseko-bulumko.

Theory ukhe

Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo eqinisekisa somgaqo-mbono umfuniselo ekufuneka iquke zemilinganiselo esweni, kwakunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi azinampembelelo into ofunde okanye iqela lezinto.

Linga - yinto nook ethile into phantsi sifundo okanye iimeko eziyijikelezileyo, leyo ziveliswa ngeenjongo zokufunda ngakumbi kule nto. Le mfundiso - kukuba imifuniselo zangaphambili.

Xa lwesayensi iluncedo ukuba uchaze izinto ezininzi;

• le njongo ukucikideka;
• ku gqiba kuvavanywa;
• iimeko yento ibekwe kuyo;
• kuthetha ukuqhuba nokuhlola;
• a nook into phantsi isifundo.

Nge isiqalelo ngasinye Oku a imifuniselo yokuhlela. Ngokwale ngxelo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwahlula phakathi emzimbeni, bemvelo, amalinge lwekhemikhali, kuxhomekeke into apho ibanjwa kuyo. Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba Cazulula experiments kwi iithagethi abatshutshiswa kwihambo yabo.

Injongo yale ulingelo na ucupho kunye nokuqonda oko ezinye izibakala okanye imithetho. Olu hlobo uphendlo kuthiwa imifuniselo. Isiphumo sale amava nga kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukwandiswa data malunga into. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, umfuniselo loo yenzelwa ukuqinisekisa hypothesis ye kwingcamango enye okanye esisiseko. Olu hlobo yamava kuthiwa zokuhlola. Njengoko usazi, akunakuba umgca Kuyacaca phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini yokuziphatha. La mava efanayo ezinokubonelelwa kwiintlobo ezimbini eksperimenti okanye omnye uyakwazi ukufumana idatha leyo uphawu enye. inzululwazi Modern kwaye isekelwe phezu kwezi kwimigaqo emibini.

Linga - isini uhlobo ukubuza uhlobo. Kodwa kusoloko kufuneka isebenze kwaye zisekelwe kwimithetho-pre-ulwazi ukuze ufumane impendulo efanelekileyo. Yiyo le lwazi kwaye sibonelela ithiyori, ukuba ngaba ubeka imibuzo. Ekuqaleni, kukho nethiyori ngohlobo an, izinto abstract yengxoxo, koko kuza inkqubo ekuhloleni ukunyaniseka kwayo.

Ngenxa yoko, siye sahlolisisa intsingiselo yegama elithi "umbono", typology yayo, ngokunxulumene ezikufutshane kwinzululwazi kunye neenkqubo. Sinokutsho ngokuchanileyo ukuba akukho nto ngakumbi uluncedo ngaphezu ithiyori elungileyo.