Intsomi craft Russian. An wamandulo bawabiza wobugcisa Russian. Arts and yezandla

Russian bawabiza yobugcisa idibanisa umaleko enkulu kwenkcubeko. Le peculiarity welizwe lethu Kwakhona yokuba phantse naphi na kuyo, iphondo okanye izimele sinomhlobo oyimfakamfele womluki. Kokuba zipeyintwe izinto ezahlukeneyo, ngodongwe kunye zokudlala, ntambo, ehla kwakunye nokunye okuninzi.

yokudweba

Russia kukade icangcisiwe, idume artists ehlabathini liphela. iipateni ezinjalo wenza baziinkosi zethu, akakwazi ukucinga naliphi na igcisa yaseYurophu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abanye liphuhlise iindawo kunye nezikolo kuqhubeka isithethe sabantu bethu.

Dwelisa zonke iintlobo kunye nobuchule yokudweba eRashiya cishe kungenakwenzeka. Zininzi, kwaye nganye iphatha indawo ethile, kunye nenkcubeko. Eyona idumileyo Russian ubugcisa iintsomi kunye yobugcisa, oku:

• Gzhel. Ezi iipateni eziluhlaza porcelain omhlophe owaziwa kulo lonke ico nakwamanye amazwe. Ekuqaleni tableware evela udongwe elimhlophe esetyenziselwa iimfuno zaso. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuye kulo eRashiya, waze waqala ezakusetyenziselwa "iimfuno amayeza." original nekulula le patheni isityana emhlophe wabonakala kakhulu kamva - kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha.
• yezandla Artistic - Khokhloma. Le yenye imifuziselo ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Russia. Le ngcinga phantse 400 iminyaka. Kwavela e Nizhny Novgorod. Le peculiarity lo mzobo kukuba umthi okanye embizeni ebonisa amaqunube ezahlukeneyo, iintyatyambo, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana. Isebenzisa inki ebomvu kwaye amnyama ubukhulu becala kwisiqalo yegolide. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa eluhlaza ebengezelayo.
• Gorodets ukupeyinta. Olu shishino ukhetheke ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo iinkuni ekuqaleni wasebenzisa ubuchule bakhe: ukukhanya enye, ezinye ebumnyameni. Xa emathambekeni ezizodwa ifakiwe izabelo ofunda kwaye ufumana umfanekiso yokuqala. Kamva baqala ukusebenzisa ithinti. Phantse zonke nomfanekiso-element eziphambili - ihashe entle emqaleni eyoluliweyo.

Ngaphandle kwezi ubuchule, ezisebenzisa zobugcisa yezandla, kusekho isixa esikhulu lwemizobo ukuba yonke iRussia inebhongo unanamhla. Basimisela uphawu zelizwe lethu kunye umbandela ikratshi lakhe. It Zhostovo and Mezen ukupeyinta, Fedoskino kunye Palekh miniatures , kwaye kakhulu ngakumbi.

ubumba

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba baseRashiya amandulo abantu ubukhulu becala zizinze ngawo ikhuthele. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla basebenzise ngenkuthalo iintlobo zodongwe. Ngoko ke, ethandwayo ngaloo mihla a Folk craft Russian - ubumba.

Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba ekuqaleni oku kwenziwa kuphela ngabafazi. Kwaba kakhulu kamva ukuba le misebenzi idluliselwa ngokupheleleyo ezandleni ezinamandla zabantu kuphela.

Njengomgaqo, benza urhwebo kwimimandla zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi bendalo nodongwe. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba kwasekwa kufuphi kwiidolophana nemizi. Amahlebo izinto zodongwe wadlula kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Izithili idumileyo eRashiya, nto idume iingcibi, zenziwe ngodongwe emangalisayo waba Novgorod, ESmolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, aba iindawo ezikufutshane imilambo namachibi.

Ngodongwe kwenziwe impahla kuphela. iintlobo abasingethe zokudlala, imifanekiso, amakhwelo, ubucwebe kunye nekhaya nempahla. A Umzekelo okumangalisayo - bezandla Gzhel. Ekuqaleni wavelisa tableware ezahlukeneyo yodongwe. Ngoku zezikhumbuzo ivenkile Russian uyakwazi ukufumana iqhekeza zodongwe onepateni obuphuma unique oluhlaza.

Kwingingqi Nizhny Novgorod zodongwe yavela ngenkulungwane XVI. Elinye lamanqaku bakhe Bogorodskoye. De kube ngoku, kukho umthendeleko iinkosi kunye abalandeli kule nzuzo.

Kumbindi yaseRashiya iye yaziwa, kusetyenziswa iithayile zodongwe. Le art efunekayo sisakhono ekhethekileyo nokunyamezela. Clay obnalichnikami imizi ezihonjiswe le izinduna zizityebi, kwakunye iicawa ezininzi kunye icawa.

UkuThunga ngentambo

Oku phantse okufanayo kwi ubugcisa yemveli Russian, ezifana ukupeyinta okanye mifanekiso. Noko ke, le Russian intsomi yobugcisa yamandulo wathwala umsebenzi omlingo. Ngapha koko, endombathisayo nokuxubana - asinto nje indlela ukukhusela nxamnye kubanda nokubi, kodwa ngendlela elungileyo kwakhona ukuba alumkele nayiphi ngeliso elibi, umonakalo okanye izifo.

Kungenxa yoko le patheni amanqaku yeenkosi Russian ibaluleke kangaka. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezininzi sele zahlala zilolo hlobo zazilulo. Ngelo xesha nye ikhadi ishishini iintlanga zonke abahlala kummandla Russia. Kwakhona ifakwe ulwazi malunga nophuhliso, iziganeko zalo ebalulekileyo namaqhawe.

Yeyona yaziwa kukho imisebenzi yezandla:

• Objects indlu yokumkani. KumaXesha Aphakathi, obu buchule wayexatyiswa kakhulu kwaye amaxesha amaninzi kumakhaya izinduna lezityebi neenkosana zinokubonakala amalaphu ezimfakamfele ambassadorial, kunye amalaphu bafaniswe amalaphu zelinen ezizodwa. Le iinkosi idumileyo ethengiweyo Kadashevskaya zokuhlala kunye kummandla Khamovniki eMoscow. Iimveliso Kwakhona zixabisekile kwaye ummandla Cherkasovo Breytovo Yaroslavl.
• neengubo zokwaleka ezikrelekrele ezintofontofo. Le mveliso, ezifana matryoshka okanye Khokhloma, zezona lwentando Russia. Ukuthandwa mkhulu wazuza Orenburg zokwaleka ezikrelekrele ezintofontofo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala baza kwaziwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Yakhiwa uboya ethambileyo nefudumeleyo webhokhwe neyesilika, bomqhaphu kunye nezinye nebomvu, esithathwe njengesiseko. Kwakhona eyaziwa nesiqingatha iikawusi kunye uboya Pavlovsky Posad zokwaleka ezikrelekrele eprintiweyo.
• Ngentambo. Kuba okokuqala kulo msebenzi intsomi saka kwinkulungwane XVII. I umtya yenziwa ngesandla ngokusebenzisa somthi intonga-bobbins. Ngaloo ndlela ke kwayo inotshi ekhethekileyo. Ngawo la iinkosi iinkuni makadibanise iiphatheni ezinqwenelekayo. Amaziko Aboriginal of ngentsontelo yemisonto eRussia Vologda, kwisithili Mikhailovsky e Ryazan, ummandla yiSoviet kummandla laseKirov kunye nesithili Yelets kummandla Lipetsk.

Njengoninzi yezandla iintsomi Russian, ukwaluka kunye ngentsontelo yemisonto kwixesha eSoviet yaye namhlanje phantse okunjalo. Kuhleli kakhulu amagcisa ezimbalwa ngubani na ukuvelisa ngokupheleleyo ubuchule kunye neepateni izithethe zamandulo.

Blacksmithing

Russia ebesoloko odumileyo kubantu womelele kwaye usempilweni. Akukho blacksmithing yoko uye waba ngomnye belilinye ngaphezu kwaye ayeze ookhokho bethu. Ngoko ke aba bantu olomeleleyo singapheli baba iintsomi epics zenziwa njengoko ikratshi lwesizwe kunye amaqhawe ayo.

Iron iye kwaziwa ukususela ookhokho bethu ngqo - i nokuxubana. Kwaye sele kwinkulungwane XI, neentlanga zizixhamlele yobugcisa Russian olusetyenziswa kakhulu. Nditsho ubulawuli inkulu iqhele kufutshane iidiphozithi esikrwada kwaye nodongwe.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngensimbi kuvunwa yodwa yaye alungiswa netyhidiweyo. Kulo mzekelo, ubuchule kwanokwenza zahlala zilolo hlobo zazilulo de ngenkulungwane XIX. Okokuqala, intwana ngentsimbi ukufudumala ukusebenzisa Eziko, uze usebenzisa ngehamile metal ubunjwe ze zeBlack yonke isusiwe.

Kwayenza kwenziwa amakrele kuphela. Banika abantu nezitshixo kunye nezitshixo, amazembe kunye iintshengece, iinzipho neenaliti, boilers, ubunzima kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Eyona engundoqo amaziko blacksmithing kwisixeko Russian ka Zlatoust ziintsimbi, nto leyo iyathandwa kwaye iziqu yi nookumkani bethu, njengoko ikomkhulu ngasendlwini yezikrweqe, Pavlovsky entolongweni, eSiberia, isixeko Belev kunye nabanye abaninzi. Iimenno kwezi eyenziwe mkhandi wodumo ngonaphakade balifaka wobugcisa abantu Russian.

Egyptian namathambo

Enye craft yamandulo, kodwa Andiwulibele ngokupheleleyo. Abantu bethu bonke linentsingiselo engcwele. Nditsho izinto eziqhelekileyo wookhokho ukusetyenziswa yonke imihla bazama ukusebenzisa izinto ezikhethekileyo. Yiyo le yaye kwakukho izicelo ezahlukeneyo bawabiza bezandla. Eyona nto yayixabiseke iimveliso ezenziwe ngezinto zendalo: ilitye, ithambo okanye umthi.

Ngaphandle lowo wenza izinto ezahlukeneyo nendlu, yezandla yobugcisa njalo njalo., Ngoncedo ngomsonto ahombise lwefacade lwezakhiwo, yenza eqingqiweyo njalo njalo. D.

Udumo Special got yezandla ezifana:

• Shemogodskaya emseleni Elm. Le art imvelaphi yayo kummandla Vologda. Elm, nangona ubu yayo ibonakale, kakhulu izinto eyomeleleyo ixesha elide. iinkosi Vologda wenze iingobozi ezahlukeneyo, izinto zodongwe, iingobozi, izacholo kunye izihlangu kunye neempahla. Le peculiarity ezi mveliso kukuba indlela zemveli uyahambelana njengezivatho zendalo iintyatyambo, amagqabi kunye namaqunube, iintyatyambo nezikhondo.
• Varnavinsky nangokukrola bone. Oku ubugcisa iinkosi lobuciko Nizhny Novgorod. Umba isekelwe okhethekileyo indlu lokubhalela, wabulawa kweenkuni. Le peculiarity ezi mveliso yi ubunjalo ngokwenene somntu. Ngapha koko, zonke iinyama lwenziwa ngesandla, ngaphandle itemplates kunye izitampu.
• Abramtsevo-Kudrino intambo. Kulo msebenzi enkulu sobuciko baziwa kakhulu kwinkulungwane XIX. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela yenza emele, izitya, zitsha kunye iibhokisi, kwakunye naziphi na izinto kunye izinto ekhaya lokubhalela. Le peculiarity ezi mveliso na ukuxhaphaka ezahlukeneyo curls, rosettes, amasebe, ukulungiswa kunye ipolishi kweenkuni.

Ukongeza kwezi yobugcisa, iRussia iinkosi elityebileyo ayikwazi ukufaka nje iipateni kwi ilitye, ithambo okanye umthi. Bona, njengoko kunjalo iyawasekela indlela endalo umsebenzi izinto ngokwakhe. Kungenxa yoko le mveliso engaqhelekanga kwaye ezizodwa.

Yezandla: zokudlala

Into esemqoka se nentsapho - nokuqhubekeka iintlobo. Yiloo nto abantwana basoloko ingqalelo eyodwa. Kanti, befundisa kwaye, kakade, badlale kunye nabo. Ukuze uthathe umntwana, senze yezandla ezikhethekileyo: yesikhumba, ilaphu, imithi, amatye, etc ...

ubugcisa Russian nobugcisa abantwana:

• Matryoshka. Eyenziwa yiloo nto yokudlala idumileyo eliye laba uphawu laseRashiya. Kuba okokuqala le unodoli somthi wabonakala kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Xa zizonke, kuba iqulathe iiyunithi 8. Ngomshini unodoli Turner zesiqhelo. Ku aqatywe wafumana uhlobo amantombazana Russian kunye iikopi efanayo, kuphela ezincinane ngaphakathi.
• Toy Bogorodskaya, eqingqiweyo. Ezi zokudlala baqala ukwenza emva XVI-XVII eminyaka. Kulo mzekelo, inkosi ayizange imifanekiso nje eqhelekileyo, kodwa amanani ezihambayo okhethekileyo. abazingeli It, amafama, izilwanyana neentaka, kwakunye ngeziganeko yonke ukusuka kubomi bemihla ngemihla yasemaphandleni.
• Dymkovo zokudlala. Yezandla kwihlomela eyaziwa phantse lonke eRashiya. Ngenkulungwane XV, isithethe ehlekisa zokudlala-neempempe ezenziwe ngodongwe. La manani izilwanyana, abantu, neentaka bayithwala imifanekiso yamandulo. Isiko yeli shishini lokuloba akuxhomekekanga ezosulela njengesiqhelo, ukususela uyise nonyana kunye ukusuka kumama kwintombi.

Ukudwelisa zonke ezaziwayo kwaye yamandulo ubukhosi, abaye banikezela izakhono zabo kubantwana, kunokuba ongapheliyo. Kwaye ngamnye zokudlala zalo umlinganiswa, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo, hayi uphawu ngeseleyo.

iglasi-efutha imveliso

Le yenye yezinto ezinzima umdla ngexesha elifanayo. ERashiya, craft kuhanjwa wabonakala njalo kwakudala - kwinkulungwane XVIII. Umsunguli yawo Prince Menshikov. Kwaye, nakubeni ekuqaleni imveliso basemzini umenyiwe, ngoko umsebenzi iye yesizwe Russian iintsomi wobugcisa yethu.

waba iziko Glass-lemveliso isixeko Klin. Kukho ukuba unokulufumana mboniso ezisemagqabini imihombiso iKrismesi kunye izivatho. Kutheni le dolophu kufuphi Moscow? Lo mmandla zizityebi iidipozithi zenani ukuba glassblowers isanti - zwi, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka ukuvelisa.

Enye indawo eyaziwa lonke elo lizwe, nto UGus Crystal. Le dolophu unetyala igama layo i iglasi-ukuvuthela mveliso yamandulo, yasekwa kwinkulungwane XVIII kwaye lol ukuba ngoosomashishini odumileyo Russian Maltsov.

Ngubani na lo sityalo emangalisayo uvelisa iintlobo iimveliso ezivela kulo mbandela-ethe. Oku iiglasi zewayini kunye iiglasi zewayini, zitsha kunye damasks, kunye njengezikhumbuzo umdla kunye nempahla ekhaya.

imiboniso craft Modern

Ke kaloku, eyona nto ingundoqo yezandla ezininzi Russian kunye neengcibi - siqhubeke sikhula. Athandwa - sisitshixo sempumelelo. Abantu abaninzi bazi yaye baqonde yobugcisa, ngcono, ii-odolo ngakumbi iinkosi.

Ukongeza, ngezandla ukunceda isizukulwana esitsha ukuqonda imbali nenkcubeko lizwe labo. Oku kubanga umdla kuphela kwaye ulwazi, kodwa kumnandi, ingakumbi kubantwana abaselula. Ngapha koko, phantse zonke enye imveliso yethu isebenzisa imibala eqaqambileyo, imifanekiso funny kunye nabalinganiswa funny.

Njengomthetho jikelele, apho buzinze imveliso yezandla ezahlukeneyo lurhwebo yonyaka ngeempahla. Kulapha iinkosi bazise best iimveliso zabo yokubonisa nokuthengisa.

Eyona idumileyo neempahla umdla namhlanje:

• "Boat" mboniso yezandla. Kuthatha indawo Nizhny Novgorod ngonyaka ngamnye. Nazi ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa kuphela amagcisa asekuhlaleni, kodwa ke iingcibi best Russian. Lo msitho noza kuqhutywa kwinyanga phakathi kuDisemba.
• Ethnomir - iinkosi kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Lo mboniso kwenzeka kummandla ukulungela ngoSeptemba. Ibuthe siziinkosi ilungileyo Russia kunye nehlabathi. Njengenxalenye mnyhadala kwakhona uthwala workshops umdla kakhulu kwaye ulwazi kumntu wonke.

Solovetsky Crafts Fair. Esi sisiganeko saminyaka kwingingqi Arkhangelsk ezityelelwe iinkosi evela Yaroslavl, Kostroma, eMoscow, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod kunye nezinye iidolophu zemisebenzi kunye needolophana. Kakhulu iindwendwe yezandla - Khokhloma, gzhel kunye zokudlala.

Ngaphandle data Fairs, kukho abanye abaninzi ukuqokelela amanani amakhulu abantu igalelo kwakhona kokuhluma yezandla elide-bandilibele.

imela lokuloba

Art processing of metal yasasazwa phantse kuyo yonke iRussia. Nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo baphola amaziko zemveliso iincakuba, neempahla, ezahlukeneyo amacephe.

Ingakumbi idume ngokukwazi ukuba kahle Nizhny Novgorod. Centre wobuciko wobugcisa metal waba Pavlovskaya Sloboda. Kwabonakala Isikhumbuzo yokuqala ngaye kwinkulungwane XVI. Ke ubugcisa ngezandla yandele kwamanye iindawo nemimandla. Umzekelo, kwilali Vorsma. Ubugcisa kunye nobuchule weengcibi basekuhlaleni ayesaziwa kude ngaphaya eRashiya. Ngexesha eSoviet Union le ndawo yaba likomkhulu esemthethweni "lokuloba imela."

iimela Russian kunye nempahla zazihonjiswe afunisele ngokubanzi zemathiriyeli, lamathambo ukuya perile neyaspisi. Bafumanisa ukuba ngentlabo okhethekileyo, nto leyo wakhonza nezidanga nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo uhlobo imveliso isitampu.

Enye zezindlu abadumileyo owenza affair kunye nokudluliselwa kobugcisa izicelo yezandla usapho aba bantu kunye nezimbo urhwebo ukusuka wazala unyana, waba Ptitsyn Zavyalov kunye Biryutiny. iimveliso zabo baye benza bayilibale zomboniso worhwebo e Philadelphia, eLondon, eBerlin kunye Paris.

Jewelry ishishini eRussia

Le yenye kubugcisa zexabiso kunye ethandwa yabantu bethu. Kude kube ngoku, imveliso yamandulo Russian iinkosi mangaza ingqondo kunye ukuyila iindwendwe kunye neengcali zeemyuziyam eziliqela kunye nemiboniso. Jewelcrafting into ephawulekayo ukuba sisekelwe phezu yezandla ezininzi ngezandla. Le nzini, nangokukrola, ukupeyinta, kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Jewelry eyayihamba umntu Russian ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni. Kwanaphezu iimpahla baby naziphi amaso yaye ngaloo iindlebe amantombazana abaminyaka yobudala eyi-6-8. Boys badla bathembele icici omnye. Ukongeza kwezi imihombiso, abantu izacholo ezahlukeneyo ezithandwayo, nemisesane, namakhonkco anqabileyo, isiqhoboshi njalo njalo. Ezi zinto zixhaphakileyo baseRashiya igolide, isiliva, neeperile. Kamva, kwisithuba lophuhliso olusebenzayo kobudlelwane zorhwebo, kwakukho kwekorale, iikarbhunkolo, ndizizinzise garnets.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba izindlu njengenkosana Russian wayesoloko wamenywa iinkosi amazwe, eRashiya kwakukho abaninzi njengamaqhawe abo. It Gavrila Ovdokimov owenza oononkala egubungele abafileyo Tsarevich nguDmitry, Moscow baziinkosi zabo Ivan Popov, Pestrikov Tretyak kunye Athanasius Stepanov.

Amaziko Jewelry craft baba imimandla esembindini, isishiya yezandla - Gzhel, nokwakhiwa zobugcisa ukupeyinta njalo njalo, Nizhny Novgorod, Red Village, Ustyug Great kunye nabanye abaninzi.