Izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil: i prehistory imfazwe kunye nokulahlekelwa imfazwe

Iminyaka emininzi, ababhali-mbali baye bazama icacise izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwi War Civil. Uvavanyo iziganeko iminyaka ohlukahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi yobudala.

nokumanyana

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi "red" yaye "white" yaba kukuba amaKomanisi ukususela ekuqaleni imfazwe bakwazi ukuseka igunya, nto leyo phantsi wonke ummandla ezoyiswa ngabo. KwiBolsheviks akwazi ukuba bambambe Petrograd kunye eMoscow. Ezandleni zabo imizi ezimbini likhulu lizwe.

"White" alize kube intshukumo emanyeneyo. Phakathi iqela kwase abakhokeli ezimbalwa (umzekelo, Denikin, Kolchak). Bonke benza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo engekho unxibelelwano olucacileyo kwaye ngaphandle bekunye injongo efanayo. Kwiinkalo ezininzi kule nabunye yaba unobangela yamaBolshevik loyiso kwi War Civil.

Abaxolanga uLenin iqela lakhe kwakukho iimbono ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwezopolitiko. Phakathi 'emhlophe "baba monarchists kunye Republican, isizwe kunye Imperials. Ephikisanayo kunye nomahluko ezizinzululwazi badla ongayi kunikwa iinkokheli ukuba sibumbane imigudu yabo ekulweni "red". Ngenxa yoko, izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil zaye ayiqityezelwanga iinzuzo zabo, neentsilelo abaphikisi babo.

ze ngobuciko

"White" baba abaphembeleli ezimbi. umsebenzi eceleni kunye amajoni kunye nabantu nemimandla oyisa kuthwalelwa phandle ngandlel 'ithile. belinye iqela ngexesha ndawonye kuphela kakuhle ukubaluleka kukuphazamiseka, kodwa ekupheleni kwemfazwe ibe neluncedo kwisicwangciso ezandleni abalandeli Lenin bakhe.

Amaxesha amaninzi ezithile imikhosi bayibeke emagxeni amagosa omkhosi tsarist. Kakade ke, abazange awangekalungeli umsebenzi onjalo. Ngelo xesha linye izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil, njengoko ubuchule babo ukuhlela buvuvu olusebenzayo ngqo nxamnye notshaba. Akumangalisi oku, kuba yonke ubunkokheli beqela waba imfundo yekhethelo, kwaye banxibe ngayo kwimiba eceleni.

Ubunkokheli eSoviet ukususela kwimihla okokuqala emva kokuba amandla, kuye kubekho inkqubo ecacileyo yezinto ezininzi eziza utshintshwano zelizwe elizayo. Xa kwenziwe Oktobha kombuso, ukuba ukhuphe i Ndiwise edumileyo Land and ehlabathini, elo ke linyuke kakhulu lesi "red" ukusuka abalimi jinga kunye namajoni.

Iinkokheli intshukumo "emhlophe", njengokuba umthetho, kufuneka imfundo yasemkhosini. Baba iinjengele elungileyo, kodwa walahlekelwa kwintetho ngekamva Russia. Ukuvukelwa phambi yabantu basebukhosini yangaphambili, lwahlwayela besothusa kunye nokudideka ezingqondweni ababechasene ezintlwini "red". Xa ukungaqiniseki kwabo izinto ezifihlakeleyo yamaBolshevik loyiso kwi War Civil. Ngokufutshane, izenzo ukungahambisalani kunye nezigqibo iinjengele "white" ezikhawulezileyo yonke impumelelo emkhosini.

Ukuziphatha kwi yomkhosi

Omabini la macala wayenaso desertions. Abantu babaleka umkhosi ngenxa yeemeko amahlwempu, umbutho nolungafanelekanga, ukongamela yegosa njalo. D.

Xa umkhosi Denikin kaThixo ifikelele impumelelo ubuninzi ngaphambili, waba sele phezu emaphethelweni eMoscow. Ku lo mzuzu zibuchaphazele izizathu eziphambili ezibangela yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil. EMoscow wagqiba ekubeni kubekho ingcinezelo nxamnye bamkelwe kunye ndandifeketha na. Kwakhona kwaqiniswa irikhwizishini emaphandleni. KwiBolsheviks azizange ingqalelo amaxhoba ngendlela yokufezekisa iinjongo zabo. Ngenxa yoko, le lali zatshatyalaliswa (apho indlala), kodwa mkhosi Yeza umxhesho kunye neminye imithombo. Ukuziphatha kwi imikhosi exhobileyo nayo yonyuswa, ukuvumela ukuba nokulungelelanisa imikhosi ukuba ngesibetho esithatha kwi "white".

Kwangaxeshanye, omkhosi yoMzantsi Russia wabandezeleka ukusuka ngokunomkhethe intshukumo "green" imigulukudu. "White" ayikho nako lizuze lonke abalimi, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yabo lizwe-transfer kubahlali uyekile ukusebenza. Denikin kwafuneka ukuba ukubetha kwiidolophana needolophu esele zonakalisa kakhulu yimfazwe. Imeko elusizi uqoqosho ukudinwa abantu ngesibetho buhlungu oorhulumente "white".

Ngenxa defections abachasi lobuKomanisi ukuqesha iiyunithi ezintsha Red Army amabanjwa. La maqela axhobileyo baba umonakalo omkhulu ngakumbi kunokulungileyo. Bakhawuleza waya elutshabeni, bonakalise, babaleka edabini, njalo-njalo. D.

Ukwala odolo zasebukhosini

In eSoviet historiography sizathu uloyiso yamaBolshevik kwi Civil War, Imfazwe Civil and pereodizatsiya ibali lakhe ezaqhutywa yeencwadi zezifundo sikhokelo ngqongqo kakhulu eceleni. Wagxininisa intiyo le "white" sabasebenzi ezidolophini, abangazange ufuna ukubuyela umyalelo omdala.

Eneneni, inokusebenza populist ye ndawonye yokuqhubeka yeparadesi yali wenza abantu abahluphekayo kweli lizwe babomelele ngakumbi izibongozo ngababuthuntu amagosa tsarist. Xa "red" ze "white" baba nabaxhaphazi, elandelwa izidwangube kunye nezinye ongxowankulu nabaphangi, abasebenzi akathandwa. Sabasebenzi Kukholelwa ukuba emva kokuba ukusekwa amandla yiSoviet kweli lizwe uya kuqalisa ixesha elitsha elityebileyo ezibulala aqhelekileyo kunye nezityalo.

Umzabalazo ne oohlohlesakhe

Akakho umntu ngoko (nkqu ubunkokheli beqela) Kulindeleke oko ndiya kukubuyisa nokudalwa eSoviet Union. Izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil, ngamafutshane, ubukhulu becala ilele ngenkxaso yabo abalimi emva kokuba ukuqaliswa Ndiwise kwi koMhlaba. Noko ke, akukho namnye belali abazange ukuba emva kokusekwa amandla eSoviet uya kuphelisa inkqubo ekukhotyokisweni njenge ukudalwa iifama ezihlangeneyo kwiifom yiko.

ubuKomanisi Kuthathwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba atshabalalise yokuxhaphaza kobungxowankulu lwabasebenzi. Emva kweMfazwe Civil, oohlohlesakhe ngenene zimke ebusweni lizwe. Kodwa endaweni endala exploiter ngayo karhulumente apho ngocwangco buthi zonke isiselo ngaphandle abalimi kunye sabasebenzi. Ngexesha lemfazwe, ezigxeka elikhulu ubulungisa kwezentlalo ziye ngempumelelo kakhulu kubemi amahlwempu imfazwe-elibharhileyo.

Iindlalifa ye revolution yokuqala

Kuba esigaba ezininzi revolution olungalibalekiyo ka-1905. Yaba ukuba uqhube imfazwe yamakhaya eRashiya. Izizathu uloyiso kwiBolsheviks walala yokuba inkxaso abantu bachatshazelwa ingcinezelo tsarist, amalungiselelo iminyaka elishumi ngaphambili. Ngokucacileyo kukhuthazwa yaye ukhumbula isiqephu Sunday, xa Petersburg wadutyulwa igqiza abasebenzi uhamba uxwebhu lwezikhalazo Tsar.

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na unobangela woku yamaBolshevik loyiso kwiMfazwe Civil, oku kwakhona kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula into yokuqala yomhlaba. "White" urhulumente (kwakunye i Isibonelelo Government of 1917) gqolo yaxhasa i Entente ungquzulwano kunye eJamani. Sesikwenzile "imfazwe ukuya ekupheleni kukrakra" yaba bemthandele ubomvu amajoni ndidiniwe.

ULenin iqela zakhe ixesha ibhena. Uthethwano kunye eJamani, laphela ngokutyikitya le Brest uxolo. Ngoko, kwakukho izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil. Ndawonye engqondweni yoluntu baba utshayelela uxolo elide ilindelwe. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wabizwa ngokuba "impiriyali", yona iminyaka emininzi kwathiwa kwiincwadi Soviet.

Songenelelo Entente

Ukuba ngezizathu nokukhankanya yamaBolshevik loyiso kwi War Civil phezu izinto abuna- akhankanye nemposiso enobungozi "emhlophe", yamkela uncedo namahlakani yaseYurophu. Emva kokugqitywa Brest sivumelwano ukuya Entente kufanele bemmangalela iinkokeli yiSoviet umbuso.

Amanyeneyo baya rapprochement nge "white". Nangona kunjalo, inkxaso yabo ndandibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye akahlali kumazibuko eziliqela wasentla. Emva koko ke baseYurophu akazange. Zizo ezo izinto ezibangela sohlaselo kwaye uloyiso yamaBolshevik kwiMfazwe Civil. Abasebenzi Communist Party babesebenzisa uhlaselo njengoko yokuduma ukuhamba kakuhle.

Ngoku "white" kuthiwa umngcatshi elinomdla sesizwe waya ukujongana zabahlaseli. Ngoko kukho izizathu ezintsha yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil. Izigaba ezingundoqo kolu ungquzulwano anegazi badla mawuqulunqwe ngokungqinelana nale ngcamango ngaphambili. Kodwa "white" baphulukana imfazwe hayi edabini, ezizezi intsimi eceleni. yisa utshaba krele ubuxoki nganye "red" asetyenziswa inzuzo yabo.

Kwaye musa usenokulahleka ukuba wabuza: ". Zithini izizathu yamaBolshevik uloyiso kwi War Civil" Ukuze zibhale wanele akhankanye ithisisi echazwe apha ngasentla.

Imfazwe nxamnye bahlaseli

Kumzabalazo kwabo abahlaseli, inkokheli eSoviet ukuba ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa iimfuno sabasebenzi yehlabathi. Abasebenzi abavela onke amazwe aseYurophu khangela kwi-Russian Revolution njengoko uloyiso yayo. imikhosi angaphandle ahlasela i-arhente Soviet kunye abaphembeleli, leyo abatyhafileyo utshaba ngaphakathi.

Kazi uLenin ngokwakhe wabhala iileta zakhe amazwe Entente ukuba amandla ombane kakhulu jikelele ukuze atshabalalise iiBolsheviks uthathe eMoscow Petrograd. Noko ke, Amanyeneyo akazange akwenze oko. Xa uncedo yayo 'abamhlophe' ukuba zimiselwe encinane (kwisikali qhinga) onikezela iimveliso kunye nezixhobo.

Ekubulaleni "white"

Ngowe-1919 kwabakho utshintsho olukhulu kwiMfazwe Civil. "White" kuwo onke amanqanaba lweMedia. Kolchak nomkhosi wakhe washiya ngasemva yonke eSiberia wafa e Irkutsk.

Denikin nalo woyiswa waza abhenele kwinkqubo ngasezantsi. Ngowe-1921, le "white" Kwaba kuphela eCrimea, yaqalisa baphume ucaphula iqela lobuKomanisi kuzo. Ngenxa ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil, kwizitalato kwamantloko yaseYurophu waphuphuma monarchists Russian, benkululeko kunye neminye imimoya le "wenkqubo endala".