Izityalo ibihlungu: imizekelo, iimpawu, iindidi

Botany abathandi uncumo lukholelwe xa ukumamela imizekeliso malunga busuku Ivan Kupala. Ndinokwenza njani ukuze intyatyambo omfisi? Ngubani na ukuba, ngokubanzi, mna babenyuke naye? njani ukufumana into azange zikho kwindalo?

abathandi abaninzi uhlobo zahlulwa kwizityalo eneentyatyambo kunye neentlobo cryptogamic. wabiza izityalo ibihlungu Cryptogamic, imizekelo eza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku namhlanje.

izityalo ibihlungu: Intshayelelo yokuqala

Masiqalise ngenkcazelo emfutshane ukwazana. Igama elithi "impikiswano" kwanawezayo kuthi, evela ulwimi Greek. Eguqulelwe lithetha "imbewu" okanye "mbewu." It is a kumiswa encinane kakhulu ogama ubukhulu - malunga 1 micron.

Senziwe izityalo ibihlungu ixesha elide. Enyanisweni, ukuba - inzala ngqo nezihluma, apho kwaphuma olwandle ilizwe. Xa izityalo ibihlungu-zithwele ayikho kuphela omfisi. Izazinzulu ziye wabahlula iindidi ezimbini: eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Kudidi lokuqala - yefeni, ubulembu club, horsetails kunye moss. Kule yesibini - lisiza kunye ulele.

Umjikelo wobomi izityalo ibihlungu

Ukuba sithetha izinto ibihlungu ephakamileyo, baye babe nomdla kakhulu ubomi. Apha uyakwazi ukubona alternation abantu ngesondo kunye maqanda lweentlobo. Ngako oko, ukuzala, kuxhomekeke iintlobo, i ngokwesondo okanye asexually. Umjikelo wobomi yonke eqhubekayo. Isityalo yenza gametophyte (ngokwesondo yokuzala organ) kunye sporophyte (iqumrhu yokuzala maqanda).

Evolution eye wavumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa ezi ntlobo zezityalo ngeendlela ezimbini. Sifumene amaqela amabini ububanzi: haploid kunye diploid. Ichaza izityalo ibihlungu, imizekelo apho kukho iqela haploid - ubulembu, izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba babe gametophyte ngesondo phambili ngakumbi. sporophyte Haploid kwi qela kukho iwonga owayamileyo. Diploid ulwalathiso izinto ibihlungu (horsetail kunye yefeni) has a sporophyte ephuhliswe ngamandla kwaye gametophyte njengoko prothallia.

Isizukulwana ngokwesini usoloko antheridia kunye archegonium. Yeyona inkunzi amalungu ababhinqileyo. Male ubudoda motility, iseli sex elithokazi static. Ndingayilindela kowuphi ungakwazi ukufikelela usukelo ukuba aqhamileyo yakhe, isidoda ukufumana kokusingqongileyo emanzini. Amaxwebhu iqanda ndiseyimbumba iyantshula sizukulwana maqanda kuzo, ngamanye sporophyte. Inqanaba elilandelayo lokuzalanisa liya kwenzeka mbewu zikhule zibe ama.

features

Asinguye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ukwahlula njani izityalo ibihlungu. Imizekelo babonisane ngalo mba ukuze ikhangeleke ngolu hlobo:

1. izityalo ibihlungu azikho ibiselityatyambile. Olu hlobo ayikho eziphilayo ziyakwazi kweentyatyambo.
2. Yiba umjikelo wobomi ekhethekileyo. ukuzala kunye maqanda.
3. Nakwenzeka kwezichumiso ngesondo, ngaphandle ubukho bamanzi.

Ukuba iimpawu ezintathu lokuba isityalo ochaphazelekayo, ukuba uhlobo ibihlungu.

izityalo ibihlungu: kumila

Kunzima ukufumana umntu ongazange wambona omfisi. Le yesityalo isetyenziselwa umhombiso iipaka kunye nezitiya. iifeni Potted bazibonise ngeembiza, ehlathini uhamba abathandi amaxesha amaninzi kubonwa iluhlaza yaye green ematyholweni omfisi.

Zonke iifeni esilawulwa pinnatisected amagqabi ezimbaxa. Ezi ibihlungu-izityalo (imithi yefeni) zezona ama kakhulu langutana. Indawo yezi imizimba - elingaphantsi amagqabi.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ukongeza ukuba yefeni kwindalo ngaphezu kwamawaka alishumi. Konke oku ukwahluka ezidityanisiweyo kwisizukulwana 300.

Ubume bale izityalo ibihlungu ngumzekelo ubulembu

Ubulembu kunganxulunyaniswa iintlobo ezininzi abangekaphuhli zezityalo ngaphezulu. Zonke Moss usapho kwasasazeka - zincinane ngobukhulu ngaphandle abameli eli laphu conductive. Icandelo ibe isiqu kunye amahlamvu ubulembu olunemiqathango. Aba amazing ibihlungu-izityalo - imizekelo izakhono ukuba ziziqhelanise nemiqathango indalo.

Ngoko ke, umzimba moss kwemiqathango yahlulwe isiqu, amagqabi kunye neengcambu. Ewe, iingcambu esi sityalo luthathelwa outgrowths filamentous - rhizoids. umehluko oyinhloko yabo iingcambu zokwenene - ukungabikho kwilaphu conductive. Xa moss ngalinye rhizoid - enye okanye ngaphezulu iiseli eziphilayo.

Ubulembu uzive kamnandi kwiindawo afumileyo, emthunzini okanye emanzi nje. Ubulembu ngenkuthalo idliwa ukufuma, kodwa abuyise ukulahleka lonke umphezulu izityalo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba izityalo ibihlungu kufuneka amanzi kuzala ezinye iintlobo ubulembu bayakwazi ukuba alinde phandle amaxesha isomiso, bade naphaya ukuze sisinde kwiziza enamatye. Njengoko kuyenzeka, akukaqondwa kakuhle.

sex - isizukulwana lubalaseleyo moss. Sporophyte uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi gametophyte.

Iingxabano akuvumelekanga ukuba kwakheka kwi emagqabini ezifana omfisi, njengoko amagqabi ngokwawo kunokuba eqhelekileyo. Ukuze ezi njongo, ubulembu naphaya ibihlungu Isingxobo, ezinemithi phezu gametophyte ngokwesini kumlenze-yo.

A feature of ubulembu ingqalelo ithuba andise kwezityalo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya izintso maqhuqhuva. Ukuba iindawo kwezityalo yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwisityalo engundoqo, uqala ibe ngumntu ozimeleyo.

A engencinane ngayo iifom asezantsi

Asiyi uluhlu zonke izityalo ibihlungu asezantsi. Imizekelo ukuba ziyonwabisa ukuchaza - lisiza. Ezi zityalo azikho ninzi njengoko yefeni kunye ulele, kancinane ngaphezu kwekhulu iintlobo. Indawo enezityalo - amanzi. Ulwelwe musa ukuba amagqabi kunye neengcambu. Ngaba apha emhlabeni okanye amatye izikhonkwane ngaphaya. Ulwelwe yahlulwa lwamasebe 11, 4 ka apho umntu oye wafunda ukusebenzisa ukuze kulungelwe.