Izinto alulwelo kunye neempawu zazo. Le olulwelo zenkqunto

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, sijongene rhoqo kunye amazwe amathathu mbandela - elulwelo, sukube ijiye. Malunga ukuba eziqinileyo kunye neegesi, kufuneka umbono ocacile. Gas - iseti molecule sihambe ngokungakhethiyo kuwo onke amacala. Zonke molekyuli okuqinileyo-karhulumente ukugcina ilungiselelo efanayo. Benza nokunyuka nje ezingephi.

Iimpawu into elulwelo

Yaye yintoni na ulwelo? osemqoka zazo eziphambili kukuba, ahleli kwinqanaba eliphakathi phakathi ziikristale kunye neegesi, ukuba oludibanisa iipropati ezithile ezi amazwe amabini. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwelo, ngokunjalo nzima (crystalline) imizimba zidla umthamo ebusweni. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, izinto ulwelo, kwakunye ngeegesi kuthatha indlela isitya ahlala kuzo. Abaninzi kuthi bakholelwa ukuba azinayo iifom zabo. Noko ke, akunjalo. Ifom yendalo naluphi na ulwelo - ibhola. Gravity ziqhele amvimbe ukuthatha le fomu, ke ngoko, oku kuthatha uhlobo lulwelo okanye isitya, okanye usasaze phezu umaleko obhityileyo.

Ngokutsho iimpawu zayo imeko engamanzi ye mba ngakumbi nzima, ngenxa yokuba isikhundla sayo eliphakathi. Yaqala kufundwa ukususela ngexesha kaArchimedes (iminyaka 2200 eyadlulayo). Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo ukuziphatha iimolekyuli ukwimo engamanzi nangoku yenye yeendawo ezininzi ezinzima yenzululwazi isicelo. Ngokubanzi kunye nethiyori olupheleleyo ulwelo lisekhona. Kodwa into ethile malunga nokuziphatha kwabo sinokuthi kakhulu ngokuqinisekileyo.

Ukuziphatha kwe molecule e engamanzi

Ulwelo - into njengamaza nto. ukuze elifutshane-uluhlu uyaqapheleka kwilungiselelo kwamasuntswana yayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba indawo yabamelwane ecaleni kwayo, ngokunxulumene nayiphi na inxalenye iyalelwe. Noko ke, njengoko ihamba kude ukusuka kwenye, isikhundla sayo ngokunxulumene kubo uya uncipha wayalela, uze umyalelo ekho. into elulwelo yakhiwa iimolekyuli leyo ukuhamba kakhulu ngakumbi ngokukhululekileyo kunokuba eziqinileyo (as in iigesi - ngokukhululeka). Kangangexesha elithile, ngamnye kubo ndinalo kwicala elinye okanye ezinye, ngaphandle lemka kubamelwane yayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo molecule ulwelo amaxesha ngamaxesha xa iphuma kokusingqongileyo. Yena ufumana entsha, sifudukele kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Apha, kwakhona, kangangexesha elithile lenza intshukumo oscillation.

Ya. I. Frenkelya igalelo isifundo iziselo

Ya. I. Frenkelyu, Scientist Soviet, benza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso eliqela kwimiba ajongene isihloko ezingamanzi ngayo. Chemistry ngamandla bafudukela phambili ngenxa yophando lwakhe. Wayekholelwa ukuba ulwelo isindululo thermal unalo unobumba olandelayo. Ngexesha elithile zinemoletyhule ngalinye oscillates malunga indawo yayo kuvuselele. Noko ke, yena utshintsha indawo yakhe ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha, uhambisa tsiba kwindawo entsha abazahlulayo kowangaphambili esekude, imalunga ubungakanani molecule ngokwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, le iimolekyuli ngaphakathi olwelo, kodwa kancinci. Inxalenye ixesha ihlala ngeendawo ezithile. Ngoko intshukumo yabo into efana umxube igesi uze wenziwe iintshukumo zomzimba esiqinileyo. Ukuhla kwi ndawo enye emva kwexesha elithile endaweni a ukudluliswa simahla ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye.

Uxinzelelo kulwelo

Ezinye iimpawu into engamanzi eyaziwa kuthi kubulela intsebenziswano rhoqo kunye nabo. Ngoko ke, amava yobomi bemihla ngemihla, siyazi ukuba izenzo phezu eziqinileyo, ezo siqhagamshelana nayo, kunye namandla ezaziwayo. Zibizwa ngokuba namandla xi fluid.

Umzekelo, evula umngxuma ngomnwe wakho uze tap kuqukwa amanzi, siziva, njengoko ibeka uxinzelelo ngomnwe. A bezandla ngubani watsibela ukuba amanzi anzongonzongo kakhulu, akukho ngozi lifumana intlungu ezindlebeni. Oku kungenxa yokuba i indlebe xi imikhosi. Water - into elulwelo, ngoko ke inazo zonke iipropati yayo. Ukuze ukulinganisa iqondo lobushushu lamanzi ezinzulwini zolwandle, kufuneka usebenzise kwiithemometha kakhulu, kangangokuba abazange bakwazi kuyityumza uxinzelelo fluid.

Olu xi kubangelwa ucinezelo, oko kukuthi, lo utshintsho umthamo engamanzi. Kuye ngokunxulumene olu tshintsho luthambe. Pressure force - oku ungamandla ilastiki. Ngoko ke, ukuba izenzo unamanzi emzimbeni siqhagamshelana nayo, ngoko ke zixinaniswe. Ekubeni lexinene ukunyuka kweziyobisi ucinezelo, oko kuthathwa ukuba ulwelo malunga notshintsho mninzi babe luthambe.

uwase

Ukuqhubeka kunye neempawu into engamanzi, dlulela ngumphunga. Kufutshane kwamanzi, kwakunye ngqo kwi kumphezulu imikhosi umaleko isenzo, ukuqinisekisa ubukho kwale maleko. Abayi musa ukuvumela ukuba ashiye umthamo molekyuli ulwelo kulo. Noko ke, abanye babo ngenxa isindululo thermal liphuhlisa kwisantya enkulu kangangoko ngalo kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba soyise ezi imikhosi kwaye ushiye ulwelo. Sikubiza le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ngumphunga. Kokuba ambona na umoya ubushushu, kodwa ekwandeni kwireyithi yayo yokwenyuka ngumphunga.

amafu

Ukuba molekyuli silishiyile ulwelo liyasuswa indawo ekufuphi umphezulu, ngoko yonke loo nto, ekugqibeleni ngumphunga. Ukuba washiya iimolekyuli zaso zange zibhangiswe, ukuba babe ngababini. Uvaleleke kule ngingqi, ibekwe kufutshane kumphezulu ulwelo, iimolekyuli umphunga basondela kuwo imikhosi enomtsalane. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ngamanzi.

Ngoko ke, ukuba molekyuli hayi zisuswe, ireyithi ngumphunga kuyancipha kunye nexesha. Ukuba mninzi engumphunga kwandisa ngakumbi, le meko kuyafikelelwa apho inani iimolekyuli kokuba ixesha elithile ulwelo iya kulingana nenani molecule zibuyiswa ngexesha elifanayo kulo. Ngoko ke kukho imo lwesilinganiso olutshintshayo. Le umphunga esikuzo, ebizwa elizele. wegazi mninzi yayo ukunyuka ngokwandayo lobushushu. I aphezulu oko, kokukhona inani molecule ilulwelo ezaneleyo amandla ngumphunga kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka ezixineneyo ephezulu ngababini ukuze kunifumana vaporization ukuba amafu.

nokubilisa

Xa inkqubo zokufudumeza ulwelo kufikelelwe lokubanda apho kunyuka ifumile kuba uxinzelelo efanayo yemeko ezisingqongileyo, lizama lusekiwe phakathi zomphunga isinyibiliko ulwelo. Ukuba ulwelo yazisa imali eyongezelelweyo ubushushu nangoko uqalisa ukuguqulwa umphunga ehambelanayo ubunzima bolwelo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba abilayo.

Iqondo yi komphunga kakhulu engamanzi. Yinto apha efika nje kuphela kwamanzi, iphathelene lonke umthamo wayo. Kwakwesi umphunga ulwelo kuvela maqampu. Ukuze aye ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kumphunga, ezo molekyuli kufuneka uthenge umbane. Kuyimfuneko ukuba boyise imikhosi yomtsalane ngawo ukuba zigcinwe kulwelo.

abilayo

Ukupheka ingongoma - yenye apho kukho ukulingana yeengcinezelo ezimbini - kwaye ngaphandle kunyuka ifumile. Oku kwanda njengoxinizelelo olwandayo sehlise kunye nokuncipha yayo. Ngenxa yokuba ukuphakama utshintsho uxinzelelo umhlathi fluid kulo abilayo kwenzeka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwiqondo lobushushu ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela umphunga ifumile, ibekwe ngaphezu kwamanzi ulwelo kwinkqubo nokubilisa, uye lobushushu ethile. Oku kumiselwa kuphela kwingcinezelo. Yiloo nto, esinayo engqondweni xa sithetha abilayo. Yohluka kwiincindi ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ubugcisa, ingakumbi ulwelo lwe petroleum.

ubushushu abagxothwa vaporization - isixa ubushushu efunekayo ukuguqula isixa esithile zomphunga isothermally ulwelo xa kwingcinezelo iyafana uxinzelelo engumphunga ifumile.

Iimpawu films lulwelo

Sonke siyazi ukuba ukufumana indlela amagwebu ngokuthi ezinyibilikayo isepha emanzini. Oku namnye ngaphandle ezininzi igwebu, leyo ziphelela ulwelo kuqulethe ezingcakacileyo ifilimu. Noko ke, akha alephuze amagwebu engamanzi nazo zifumaneka kunye eyahlukileyo umboniso. iimpawu zayo umdla kakhulu. Ezi bhanya kuba nomzimba kunene; ububanzi kwi nxalenye thinnest engekho ngaphezu kwekhulu sewaka ndlela. Noko ke, maxa wambi izinze kakhulu, nangona oku. Isepha film unokujongana deformation kunye stretchability, uyakwazi kucanda kulo umsinga wamanzi, ngoxa asitshabalalise. ngaba ukuchaza njani nozinzo ezinjalo? Kuya ifilimu apho, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukongeza into enyulu ulwelo lichithakale kuyo. Kodwa asingabo bonke, nabo nokwehlisa umphezulu akhululeke.

Ulwelo ifilimu Nature and Technology

Uhlobo ngobugcisa sidibana ikakhulu kungekhona bhanyabhanya ngamnye, kodwa kunye alephuze amagwebu, nto leyo isethi kubo. Oko kusoloko kubonakala imisinga apho amanzi ezolileyo ukuwisa kuthotha encinane. Isakhono amanzi ukuze amagwebu kule meko kunxulumene kubukho mba eziphilayo, apho iingcambu zesityalo ekwanti. Lo ngumzekelo we arhente engamanzi amagwebu yendalo. Kwaye njani ngobugcisa? Xa kusakhiwa, umzekelo, sebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukuba abe isakhiwo cellular efanayo amagwebu. Kulula, cheap, womelele ngokwaneleyo, abaqhubi kakuhle ubushushu kunye izandi. Ngokuba nabo isisombululo ekhethekileyo idityaniswa ekukhuthazeni arhente elephuza amagwebu.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke siyayazi zeziphi izinto ezo ulwelo, baye bafumanisa ukuba ilulwelo yimeko umcimbi oluphakathi phakathi kwe sukube ijiye. Ngoko ke, liye iimpawu uphawu zombini. ziikristale ulwelo, leyo ngoku esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi ubugcisa kunye noshishino (umz, olunombala wamanzi akhazimlayo ubonisa) umzekelo iphawulekayo le Ntetho mba. Kule iimpawu idibene eziqinileyo kunye ulwelo. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba yintoni na into engamanzi ceba elizayo yezenzululwazi. Noko ke, kucacile ukuba kule meko ye mba unalo ithuba elikhulu enokusetyenziswa ukuze kuzuze uluntu.

Of umdla kuqwalaselwa iinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni nemichiza ibakho kwimeko engamanzi, ngenxa yokuba indoda 90% amanzi, nto leyo ulwelo ixhaphakileyo on Earth. Kungenxa kule ndawo zonke iinkqubo ebalulekileyo isityalo ebukumkanini izilwanyana. Ngoko, kuba sonke ukuba ngokwenene ukufunda imo yolwelo lwe mba.