Ribosome - yintoni na le nto? Ubume ribosome

iseli ngalinye naziphi na isakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo equka ezininzi amacandelo.

Ngokufutshane, iiseli ngesakhiwo

Siqulathe inwebu, kukho icytoplasm, organelles, apho afumaneka khona, kwakunye njengabona bantu (ngaphandle prokaryotes) apho kukho iimolekyuli DNA. Ngaphezu koko, kukho isakhiwo ezongezelelweyo yokhuselo phezu ndizayo. Xa iiseli lesilwanyana glycocalyx, kuzo zonke ezinye - udonga cell. Kwizityalo, le nto ndiyibhalayo kwincindi, xa nomngundo - evela ngechitin, iintsholongwane - ukusuka murein. Le inwebu siquka ngeengcamba ezintathu: phospholipid ezimbini neprotheyini therebetween. Kuye iyayondela apho ukutshintshwa izinto kwenziwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Kufutshane Pore ngalinye ziiproteni zothutho ezizodwa ocande iseli kuphela izinto ezithile. Organelles iiseli zezilwanyana zezi zilandelayo:

• mitochondria, apho asebenze i "amandla" original (apho inkqubo weseli nokuphefumla kunye kuyondelelaniswe lwamandla);
• lysosomes equlathe enzayim ezikhethekileyo ukutya;
• izixhobo Golgi yokugcina kwaye uguqulo kancincane izinto ezithile;
• reticulum endoplasmic, nto leyo esiyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukuthuthwa kweekhemikhali;
• centrosome yakhiwa centrioles ezimbini, aqukiweyo kwinkqubo ngokucandeka;
• nucleolus, elawula ukutya kwaye kudala eminye organelles;

• ribosomes, thina sithethe kakuhle kweli nqaku;
• plant cells babe organelles olongezelelweyo: i vacuole, oyimfuneko ukuqokelelela kwezinto ezingafunekiyo ngokunxulumene ekungakwazini kwimveliso ukuba ngaphandle ngenxa oluqinile iseli; plastids, leyo zahlulwe leucoplasts (linoxanduva yokugcina iikhemikali kwezondlo); chromoplasts equlathe zombala lombala; chloroplasts, leyo apho yiklorofili nangefotosinthesisi.

Ribosome - yintoni na le nto?

Ekubeni sithetha ngayo kweli nqaku, kusengqiqweni ukubuza lo mbuzo. Ribosome - le organelle, leyo zibekwe phezu kweendonga kwicala olungaphandle isakhiwo Golgi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukucacisa ngakumbi ukuba ribosome - oko organelles iqulethwe iiseli ezininzi kunene. Omnye ungaba kuze ishumi lamawaka.

Apho ze data organelles?

Ngoko ke, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, lo ribosome - isakhiwo phezu ezindongeni isakhiwo Golgi. Kwakhona oko Ungasa ngokukhululekileyo xa kukho icytoplasm. Umba wesithathu, leyo ibekwe ribosome - le ndizayo cell. Abo organelles ukuba zifumaneka kule ndawo, phantse musa ukubushiya, kwaye zokubhala.

Ribosome - isakhiwo

Njengoko kakuhle, oku kubonakala ngathi organelle? Yena Kubonakala ngathi kukho ifowuni kunye ityhubhu. eukaryotes Ribosome kunye prokaryotes luqulathe izahlulo ezimbini, enye yazo ngaphezu enye - ngaphantsi. Kodwa ezimbini kumacandelo yayo inamathelene, xa kunjalo ukuphumla. Oku kwenzeka kuphela xa iiseli ribosome nangoko aqale ukwenza imisebenzi yawo. Imisebenzi iya kuxoxwa kamva. Ribosome, ubume leyo ichazwe kweli nqaku, naye ifaka i RNA isithunywa kunye nokudluliselwa RNA. Ezi izinto kufuneka ukuba ubhale kuwo ulwazi oluyimfuneko malunga iiproteni iseli. isakhiwo Ribosome leyo esixubusha, akukho ndizayo. enganeno kwayo (i-wabiza ezibini nesiqingatha yakhe) okungakhuselelwanga.

Yintoni le organelle kwiseli?

ezwi protein - Yintoni eyenza ukuba yintoni na ribosome na. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yolwazi irekhodwa ekuthiwa isithunywa RNA (ribonucleic acid). isakhiwo Ribosome apho sele sibonile ngentla apha, izibandakanya subunits ezimbini kuphela ngexesha protein amagama - inkqubo ebizwa translation. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, kwikhonkco polypeptide kuhlelwe ibekwe phakathi subunits amabini ribosome.

ukuba bakha phi?

Ribosome - organelle, eyenziwe yi-nucleolus. Le nkqubo iqhutywa ngezigaba ezilishumi, ngexesha apho neeproteni ngcembe Wabumba subunits ezincinane nezinkulu.

Njani ukuyilwa iiprothini?

Le biosynthesis kweziyi kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Eyokuqala kuzo - yeyona ukusebenza acid acid. Zizonke amabini apho, ngokuhlanganisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ungafumana iibhiliyoni iiprotheni ezahlukeneyo. Kuyo yonke le sigaba acid wambumba aminoalits-tRNA. Le nkqubo kungenzeka ngaphandle inxaxheba ATP (adenosine triphosphate) hayi. Kwakhona le nkqubo ifuna ukuse- wemagniziyam. Inqanaba lesibini - lo ukuqaliswa kwitsheyina polypeptide, okanye inkqubo lokudibanisa subunits ezimbini ribosome kunye nokuhanjiswa kuyo le asidi kubalulekile acid. Kule nkqubo inxaxheba ion wemagniziyam kunye GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Isigaba sesithathu kuthiwa zobude. Le njini ngqo chain polypeptide. Uyaphi indlela yokuguqulela. Ukupheliswa - isigaba esilandelayo - inkqubo sokonakalisa ribosomes phezu subunits ngamnye kunye ukutshitshiswa Yindibanisela kwitsheyini polypeptide. Okulandelayo iza inyathelo lokugqibela - yesihlanu - kukusebenza. Kweli nqanaba izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kwakheka sele ukulungele ukusebenzisa kwaye iiproteni ezilula amino acid chain. Le nkqubo ibandakanya enzyme ezithile, kunye cofactors.

isakhiwo protein

Ekubeni isakhiwo ribosome nokusebenza ukuba kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku, linoxanduva Yindibanisela iiprothini, ngoko makhe sijonge iinkcukacha yesakhiwo. It is a wokuqala, wesibini, ephakamileyo koqeqesho. Isakhiwo ephambili kwiproteni - ulandelelwano echazwe apho acid zilungiswe ezavala ulungelelwaniso elinikiweyo. Isakhiwo sesekondari iproteni yi chain polypeptide kuyilwa ukusuka alpha-helices beta-sheets. Isakhiwo neliphezulu protini inika indibanisela ezithile alpha-helices beta-sheets. Isakhiwo koqeqesho iyafana kwi ukuyilwa kwento ukwakheka eyodwa macromolecular. Leyo indibanisela alpha-helices kunye nefom beta-izakhiwo globules okanye fibrils. Ngokwalo mgaqo, iintlobo ezimbini iiprotheni ziyakwazi ukuchongeka - ezinezikhondo kunye globular. Phakathi afana ezifana actin kunye myosin, umsipha apho kwakheka. Imizekelo yalo yesibini unako ukukhonza ihemoglobin, immunoglobulin kunye nabanye. iiproteni Fibrillar ziyindawo ifayibha ntambo. Globular kakhulu njenge tangle of ihlobene phakathi alpha-helices beta-sheets.

Yintoni nokuguqulwa?

Wonke umntu kufuneka baye baliva ilizwi. Nokuguqulwa - yinkqubo wentshabalalo ngesakhiwo protein - koqeqesho lokuqala, tertiary ngoko, nasemva - nasesekondari. Kwezinye iimeko, kukho kunye nokuphelisa kobume iphambili kwiproteni. Le nkqubo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni kule lobushushu eliphezulu mba ephilayo. Ngenxa yoko, nokuguqulwa le protini ibonakala xa abilayo amaqanda. Kwiimeko ezininzi, le nkqubo vuhlayiseki. Ngenxa yoko, kubushushu ngaphezu kweqondo mane amabini iqala nokuguqulwa mpilo ubomi komzimba kakhulu kangangokuba esisoyikiso. Nokuguqulwa of iiproteni ukuba asidi ethile acid ibonakala kwinkqubo yokwetyisa, xa usebenzisa enzyme lusicande umzimba khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo organic ukuba lula.

isiphelo

Indima ribosome kunzima kakhulu ukuze zazi. Bona isiseko kubukho iiseli. Ngenxa kula organelles, iyakwazi ukwenza iiproteni ukuba kufuneka kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi. organic ngokwakha ribosomes ludlala indima akhuselayo ukuthuthwa, indima yokuba ngumnxibelelanisi, izinto zokwakha iiseli, enzymatic, ezilawulayo (iihomoni ezininzi isakhiwo protein). Ngoko ke, sinokugqiba ukuba ribosome ukwenza omnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo kwiseli. Kutheni ke ngoko kakhulu - cell kusoloko kufuneka imveliso kuhlelwe ngala organelles.