Izakhiwo Megalithic: iintlobo kunye neentlobo

Phezu komhlaba wonke, ngaphandle Australia, kukho izakhiwo ezininzi endimangazayo yamandulo. Uphando lwakutshanje lubonise ukuba baye bakha kwi Neolithic, Chalcolithic kunye Bronze Age. Kuqala wacinga ukuba bonke bephela amele inkcubeko eqhelekileyo, kodwa namhlanje izazinzulu abaninzi ngakumbi ngale ngcamango ibe mbuzo. Ngoko ke, ngubani yaye kutheni ezi zakhiwo megalithic zadalwa? Kutheni na le nto okanye loo fomu yaye oko kuthetha ntoni? Apho ungabona amangcwaba inkcubeko yamandulo?

Yintoni na megaliths?

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele sifunda nezakhiwo megalithic, kufuneka baqonde ukuba izinto zingaqulatha. Namhlanje kucingwa ukuba iyunithi incinane loyilo ezinjalo megalith. Igama elithi ngafakwa ngokusesikweni ibe isigama yezenzululwazi 1867, kunye ukufakwa liyincutshe IsiNgesi A. Herbert. Igama elithi "megalith" lesiGrike, lithetha "ilitye elikhulu" iguqulelwe Russian.

definition Echanekileyo kunye alupheli oko megaliths, ayikho okwangoku. Namhlanje lo gama ithetha izakhiwo yamandulo yenziwe iibhloko amatye, amacwecwe okanye amaqhuma ezilula zobungakanani ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa nayiphi na lib okanye nokolula ezaqanjwa kunye nezisombululo. Ifom elula izakhiwo megalithic, ezibandakanya iqela elinye kuphela - it menhirs.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale izakhiwo megalithic

Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo abantu ezahlukeneyo sakhiwe izakhiwo enkulu yamatye amakhulu, iibhloko nemàbhula. Temple e Baalbek kunye iiphiramidi zaseYiputa nayo megaliths, ukuba nje akavumelekile ebizwa ngokuba. Ngenxa yoko, izakhiwo megalithic - iintlobo zoyilo adalwe neempucuko ezahlukeneyo yamandulo yakhiwa ngamatye amakhulu okanye nemàbhula. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izakhiwo ezijongwa megaliths, kukho eziliqela iimpawu, uba nobunye:

1. Bonke bephela ezenziwe ngamatye, iibhloko kunye Iizilebhu ubungakanani omkhulu, ubunzima elo zisukela amashumi ezininzi wayedla kumakhulukhulu eetoni.

2. Iziseko yamandulo megalithic kwakhiwa ukusuka aqinile kwaye iyamelana nasemaweni ukwaphulwa: limestones, andesites, basalts, diorites kunye nabanye.

3. Ngexesha ulwakhiwo zesamente ayisetyenziselwanga - nokuba isisombululo fixing okanye nokuveliswa iibhloko.

4. Uninzi kwezakhiwo kumphezulu iibhloko apho zenziwe, processed ngononophelo kwaye amaqhuma ngokwabo kufanelekile ngokuqinileyo omnye komnye. Ukuchana into yokuba phakathi kwiibloko ezimbini megalithic zamatye mlilo ayikwazi unamathele litha imela.

5. Ngokufuthi amaqhekeza lokusinda kwezakhiwo megalithic lempucuko kamva kusetyenziswa njengesiseko kwizakhiwo zazo, njengoko kubonwa izakhiwo iTempile Mount eJerusalem.

Xa zadalwa?

Uninzi sites megalithic ise-UK, Ireland kunye namanye amazwe Western aseYurophu asusela V-IV nkulungwane BC. e. Elise kummandla sezakhiwo yamandulo lizwe lethu megalithic basonta IV -II nkulungwane BC

Types of izakhiwo megalithic

Zonke iintlobo zezakhiwo megalithic kube ngoku yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini:

• yokungcwaba;
• mngcwabo:
• bobubi;
• ezingcwele.

Ukuba megaliths ukungcwaba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ecacileyo, nantsi ukuqeshwa izakhiwo ngumhlambeli, ezifana izibalo ezahlukeneyo iindonga ezinkulu kunye neendlela, ukulwa kunye iinqaba zokuhlala, abaphengululi bakholelwa. Akukho ulwazi oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa abantu bamandulo engcwele izakhiwo megalithic: menhirs, cromlechs kunye nabanye.

Ntoni na ke?

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo megaliths ntlobo zezi:

• menhirs - eyodwa, nkgqo wabeka ilitye-tshe ukuya ku 20 eemitha ukuphakama;
• dolmen - ezitshatileyo abaliqela menhirs ezinkulu ngeenxa zonke, kusekwe kwisangqa okanye isangqa;
• dolmens - lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo of megaliths eYurophu, eyenza enye okanye Iizilebhu ilitye elikhulu ngakumbi wayibeka phezu kwezinye ukuze kuvuleke kuvuleke;
• ngasevarandeni - enye iintlobo dolmenov ezihambelanayo;
• trilit - Isakhiwo ilitye ezibandakanya ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu nkqo yaye namnye umsa phezu kwabo tye, amatye;
• Taula - ukwakhiwa ilitye ngohlobo oonobumba Russian "T";
• cairn, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "cairn" okanye "uhambo" - isakhiwo komhlaba okanye emhlabeni, wazibeka ekwimo ikhowuni ye nobuninzi yamatye;
• Imiqolo ilitye - elibekwe ngokuthe nkqo kunye neebhloko engumzekelo ngamatye;
• seid - ilitye litye okanye ibhloko, okanye ngenye indlela esekwe ngabantu kwindawo ethile, ngokuqhelekileyo kwindawo ephakamileyo, ngokuba imibhiyozo ezahlukeneyo mfihlakalo.

Ezi kuphela iintlobo ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze izakhiwo megalithic. Makhe ihlale phezu kwabanye babo.

dolmen

Iguqulwe kwi Breton kolu lwimi Russian lithetha "itheyibhile ilitye". Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko iqulathe amatye ezintathu, enye yazo elala phezu ezimbini nkqo shelwe "U" ileta. abantu mandulo ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo abanjalo ngqo naluphi na ulungiselelo olunye, ngoko dolmens wobeko ekwenzeni imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo - lukhulu. Izithinteli edume megalithic yale hlobo zifumaneka kwi lweMeditera Atlantic emideni eAfrika naseYurophu, India, eScandinavia, eCaucasus.

Trillo

A zenyathi dolmen, equka amatye amathathu, izazinzulu zikholelwa trilit. Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama okunjalo ingasebenzi ukuba inxalenye ngokwahlukileyo ibekwe megalithic kunye ezikhumbuzo ke kwezakhiwo ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, xa isakhiwo megalithic eyaziwa ngokuba Stonehendge central njengenxalenye siquka trilitov ezintlanu.

Cairn

Olunye uhlobo izakhiwo megalithic yinto cairn, okanye uhambo. Le udonga cone esonka amatye, nangona e-Ireland phantsi kweli gama kuphela ukuqonda isakhiwo amatye amahlanu. Zingakotshwa zibekwe phezu komhlaba, naphantsi kwalo. Kwizangqa zenzululwazi phantsi cairn ludla ngokubandakanya izakhiwo megalithic phantsi komhlaba: ezindaweni, amaziko kunye namagumbi yokungcwaba.

menhirs

Le fom midala elula megalithic - menhirs. Le iseti eyodwa kuvuleke nkqo omkhulu okanye amatye. Ukusuka njengesiqhelo kuvuleke, yendalo menhirs umphezulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nentwana le yokuphatha kunye yokuba umlinganiselo wabo nkqo usoloko umkhulu kunothe tye. Baya isenokuba ezimeleyo okanye inxalenye entsokothileyo nezakhiwo megalithic.

ECaucasus, menhirs kwaye ezimile intlanzi ekuthiwa Vishaps. On the Iberia, yintoni na ngoku eFransi, apho eCrimea kunye yoLwandle Black wahlala yavele magalitov anthropomorphic - eqingqiweyo ngamatye.

Postmegaliticheskimi menhirs nabo wadala kakhulu neRunic amatye kunye iminqamlezo amatye kamva.

cromlech

Uninzi menhirs asibeka kwisangqa okanye isangqa kwaye ngaphezulu ugqunywe Iizilebhu ngamatye, ebizwa cromlechs. Owona mzekelo idumileyo - Stonehenge. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle ngeenxa zonke, uxande kukho cromlechs, ezifana kwi Morbihan okanye Khakassia. Kwisiqithi saseMalta, cromlechs izakhiwo zetempile yakhiwe ngohlobo "ezinamagqabi". Ukwenza ezi zakhiwo megalithic kusetyenziswa iliwa nje kuphela, kodwa iinkuni, nto leyo kungqinwe iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngethuba umsebenzi zakudala kwi IsiNgesi okwilizwe Norfolk.

"Amatye mbaleki eLapland"

Ekwakhiweni zixhaphakileyo megalithic eRashiya, zasemzini njengoko kubonakale - Sejdiu - kuvuleke enkulu, ekhwele ukwindlela yokuma encinane. Ngamanye amaxesha nentlama esisiseko lihombise amatye amancinci enye okanye ezininzi zipakishwe "iphiramidi". Olu hlobo megaliths kwanda ukusuka emdeni Onega kunye Ladoga namachibi wehla waya kunxweme loLwandle Barents, oko kukuthi, ngeenxa zonke entla yaseYurophu yingxenye Russia. On the Kola Peninsula e Karelia kwenzeka ubukhulu seids evela amashumi eziliqela kweesentimitha ukuya kwiimitha ezintandathu kunye ubunzima abaninzi buziikhilogram ukuya kwiitoni eziliqela, kuxhomekeka engxondorheni aba kuzo. Ukongeza kwi-Russian North, abaliqela isabelo solu hlobo megaliths ezifumaneka kwimimandla hlathi of Finland, northern kunye kumbindi Norway, ezintabeni Swedish.

Seydy ukuze lingenakumbi, ezinkulu kunye ubunzima, iquka ukusuka malunga neshumi ukuya amakhulu megalithic.