Ivodka: kuqamba. Le khemikhali Ukwakhiwa kunye nexabiso lesondlo yevodka

Vodka yeyona ethululwayo uthandwayo kuzo zonke isidlo celebration. Le ibandakanya ethyl utywala, nto leyo nyulu evela ubumdaka, bungxengwe ngamanzi. Vodka, ogama ukwakheka kufuneka iqulathe 40 utywala ekhulwini, babe kunye nezongezelelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo eso siqhamo, namaqunube, iziqholo kunye nezinye izithako. Izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanjululwa kukhokelela imveliso, ngokungafaniyo analog, akubangeli hangovers. Kambe ke nantsi eyona ivodka, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze eneneni ingabizwa qualitative kuphela.

A incinane

Umhla ngqo awazalelwa kuyo othululwayo ayikho. Kodwa ixesha elisondeleyo zokuzalwa kuqwalaselwa 14-15 leminyaka. Kwathi kummandla karhulumente Russian. Ngoko ke, onke amabango kwamanye amazwe abanawo amandla. Ngowe-1982, yolamlo ngamazwe iye yayiqwalasela le ethululwayo yi sesiNtu Russian. Ngenkulungwane ye-14 oonozakuzaku ngama bazisa iwayini utywala Russian. Esi sisiseko zonke iziselo ezaziwayo kunye namandla eliphezulu. A nomnikelo yaveliswa eRashiya ngokusekelwe ethyl utywala, nto leyo ethe wafumana igama "yevodka". Ngenkulungwane ye-15, ixesha lokuvuna ingqolowa lifikelele obude nanto. Rhweba ngaphandle sewayini ukusuka Byzantium wayeka. Lixesha lokuba utshintsho ekuvelisweni iziselo ezinxilisayo. Njengoko kuboniswa yimbali kunye amabali athi, malunga 1430 a indela Chudov wadala iresiphi yevodka authentic Russian. Ukuze wenze oku, waba zonke iimpawu: ulwazi kunye nezixhobo. Kodwa Mendeleev laqalisa ingqiqo kunye nolwabiwo kwi ibhotile - malunga ne-40%. Yena asisiso wayila yevodka. Wenza waza wenza uyilo umgangatho patent.

Iimpawu yevodka elungileyo

Asiyiyo yonke ivodka, onokuyi fumana ezishelfini ingabizwa qualitative. konke kuxhomekeke kwi mveliso kunye izithako ezisetyenzisiweyo. Luhlobo luni kufuneka abe imveliso esemgangathweni? Okokuqala, oko kuyingozi, incasa ekhethekileyo. A imveliso elungileyo akukho ivumba elitsarhayo. Okwesibini, yinto incasa wobulali. Ukubunjwa yevodka kunye nemveliso yayo kufuneka ahlangabezane nazo zonke iimfuno zale mihla. On umgangatho imveliso kunye nokupakishwa layo uthi. Cork kunye cap kufuneka uvumelane snugly ukuya entsubeni, wangqisha kumhla ezibhotileni - sibonakale ngokucacileyo. Emazantsi ibhotile kufuneka ibe kwenze. Ukwakheka echanekileyo yevodka yenza kube lula ukwenza into ephungwayo ecocekileyo, ecacileyo. imixholo Elalimfiliba ibhotile ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ihlwempu-umgangatho, okanye ubukho ukungcola. Ileyibhile kufuneka nakanjani babe nolwazi malunga nomenzi, iinkcukacha zakhe zoqhagamshelwano kunye nekhowudi ebandakanya lemivo 7-10. Kufuneka ube nolwazi malunga mvume iziqinisekiso kunye nemveliso.

Ukubunjwa yevodka

Ekumiseleni umgangatho amacandelo kubaluleke kakhulu ezisetyenziselwa imveliso. Ukubunjwa yevodka, ukuba anithanga ukuya iziseko chemistry, kuba amanzi kunye notywala. Ngokuqhelekileyo sebenzisa iintlobo ezintathu utywala. Uhlobo lokuqala livela umbona okanye iitapile, kwaye unezinga eliphezulu lawo lokuhlambulula. Ngapha koko kukho iintlobo ebekade extra, awenziwe ngeenkozo ekhethiweyo. Le yokugqibela mibini ingqalelo kakhulu. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo, kunye nomgangatho wamanzi. abenzi Good yawo ngaphambili nyulu evela neetyuwa kunye ukungcola. Ukuba iphakheji ulwazi malunga yokucoca isilivere, uthetha malunga nomgangatho wamanzi. Ukuba ileyibhile ithi "ubisi nyulu", libhekisela ngakumbi imveliso yokugqibela.

Ubungakanani zokuhlanjululwa utywala

Utywala yomgangatho elungileyo kuveliswe kumxube okuziinkozo iitapile okanye zithako ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwakhona le njongo, nembeleko, beet iswekile kunye neswekile ekrwada. Kukho iindidi isidanga lokuhlanjululwa utywala. Nemveliso kwibanga lokuqala 96 ekhulwini inqaba. izinga lokucoca ephakamileyo ibandakanya 96,2% ekhulwini. Iintlobo kakhulu kotywala - Engaphezulu Suite - ke, ngokulandelelana, 96,5 kunye 69,3 ekhulwini. Kwakhona ukwahlula utywala zonyango kunye anhydrous ngakumbi.

zokuhlanjululwa amanzi

Ukubunjwa yevodka kubandakanya amanzi enyanzelekileyo. Kodwa ayikho indawo ulwelo eqhelekileyo etephini, kunye ezizodwa, ngaphandle ukungcola. Usinkcenkceshele ilungele nemveliso yevodka, ngokuba kuyimfuneko ukususa ityuwa. Le nkqubo iya kwenza kube othambileyo. Maxa wambi kuyimfuneko ekulihlambululeni kwakhe amanzi ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke izinto. Emva ukuba Igcwele Micro elements. Obu bugcisa isetyenziswe ukuvelisa amanzi okusela kunye namanzi bezimbiwa. Ngoko, ulwazi malunga ezihlambulule isilivere ibonisa ukutyebiseka kwamanzi bangane intsimbi.

kwezithako

abenzi abaninzi kuqaliswa kwi ivodka Russian amacandelo ezongezelelweyo okanye kudla. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, oko umnqweno ukuqaqambisa imveliso yakho ibe obungaqhelekanga. Ukhuphiswano emarikeni iziselo ezinxilisayo elinzima kwaye kusetyenziswa zonke iindlela kumlo odla. Okwesibini, uninzi izithako ezongezelelweyo nyulu ivodka, iyenza mnikeze othambileyo. Oku kuphucula umgangatho imveliso. Kwaye yinto yokugqibela, kodwa hayi ezimnandi kakhulu, uzama ukufihla iintsilelo yevodka, incasa yawo embi kunye nomgangatho. Ngoko ke, lo kugxininiswa kwezi zalathisi okanye hayi, ngumbandela wobuqu. Awona macandelo aphambili, ezithi zisetyenziswe ongeziweyo ezi citric acid, ubusi, ubisi olungumgubo, iswekile, nesoda yokubhaka, acetic acid kunye potassium permanganate. Ezinye abavelisi basebenzisa sodium acetate kunye sodium hydrogencarbonate. Ukukhetha additive kuxhomekeke uhlobo okanye uhlobo yevodka. Amaxesha amaninzi ukusebenzisa ubusi. Oku kuqhutywa nokwakhiwa yevodka ngokuxuba ngamanzi acocekileyo. Eli candelo kwenza imveliso othambileyo.

ngezigaba yevodka

Kuxhomekeka inani 'isantya "Three yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezine. Le pesenti 40, 45, 50 no-56. endle iziselo ezinxilisayo iingcali alabe ngakumbi ibe ziindidi ezine: uqoqosho, umgangatho, premium super premium. Iiklasi ezimbini zokugqibela - oku iziselo elite. Bona luphawulwa Obusemagqabini ubunjani kunye nexabiso eliphezulu. Lokulungiselela lwabo isebenzisa kuphela iindidi kakhulu utywala kunye namanzi nyulu ngenyameko. Ngexesha Uvavanyo umgangatho yevodka isebenzisa iindidi ezimbini indicators. Okokuqala - oku imiba yovakalelo, eziquka ivumba, ukucaca incasa. Iqela lesibini - Iimpawu analytical. Kukho baqhube uphando elebhu kwaye amisele alkali, ubukho ukungcola kunye nepesenti umxholo utywala.

Imbali regia Aqua

Inkcazelo yokuqala aqua regia ukuvela ngenkulungwane ye-14. Zehydrochloric acid andazekanga ebantwini. A ndlela ku tswala neyanamhlanje okuthile enikiweyo alum umxube, sulfate ubhedu, ammonium chloride kunye ammonium nitrate. Indlela yesibini - esasidibanisa nitric kunye zehydrochloric acid, kuchazwa 1597 godu esegumbini Andreas Libavius. Ngenxa aqua regia likwazile ukwenza ezininzi obafunyanwa e alchemy, kwabakho ukukhula kolwazi malunga ekudibaneni kwemichiza kunye nezinto.

Iimpahla aqua regia

Yintoni aqua regia? asidi Ubume kule eselwayo ukupha oko iipropati ezithile. Aqua regia - umxube asidi ezimbini, nitric kunye zehydrochloric acid, xa kukho umlinganiselo omnye ukuya kwemithathu. Le yenye iioksidenti kakhulu. Olu phawu lubonakala ngokusebenzisa nitrosyls chloride. Ingca walungisa "ivodka" enemibala. Kungekudala emva koko ifumana ithinti-orenji. Olona phawu olwahlula le nto ilulwelo ivumba olomeleleyo chlorine kunye nitrogen dioxide. Lo mxube yalungiselelwa ngoko nangoko ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise. Aqua regia, eyakhiwa asidi, sithethe ngazo ngasentla, ekuhambeni kwexesha ulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo oxidizing aze abole.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe aqua regia

Apho kusetyenziswa nomnikelo? Aqua regia, ukwakheka, ukusetyenziswa, nto leyo yahluke ukusuka ukusetyenziswa oluqhelekileyo iziselo ezinxilisayo, esetyenziswa iilebhu njenge reagent. Isetyenziswa nokucoca zokubhala evela izinto eziphilayo. Kwakhona isetyenziselwa ekuhlalutyeni metal elixabisekileyo ekulungiseleleni kloride metal kwezinye experiments. Le khemikhali Ukwakhiwa yevodka basebukhosini ivumela ukunyibilika iintsimbi ngaphantsi esebenzayo, platinum, palladium negolide, nangona lobushushu igumbi. Gold esixutywe aqua regia kwi-10 m / imiz. Kuba Nosipho ruthenium kufuna oksijini. La macandelo mabini ngenxa yokutshata geksahlororutenievuyu acid. Yinto ichithwe isilivere regia Qalisa. Oku kungenxa ukuyilwa phezu kwamanzi chloride bhanya zesilivere. Kwakhona iyamelana asidi izinyithi ezahlukeneyo ezifana titanium, tantalum, zirconium, chromium, ukrweco kunye ചിഹ്നം uphawu.

Aqua regia, ekwakhiweni, ukusetyenziswa esifunde ngazo, ayisetyenziselwa ukutya!

nithathele Bolotov

baninzi kakhulu abantu abanomdla ulwazi malunga yebhalsam Bolotov. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umxube wamandla acid - zehydrochloric nitric yaye - i aqua regia. Ukwakhiwa Bolotovu - isisombululo ngokuncipha. Yebhalsam, ekwakusetyenzwa ezikhemisti, ulungelelene 3 isisombululo ekhulwini zehydrochloric acid. Ngoko ke, akukho nto kunokuba yingozi esiswini yoluntu ithathwa ngomlomo. Yintoni ifuthe inaso esi sibonelelo emzimbeni womntu?

I-sulphuric acid eyibhangisa kwizicwili ngokuthi inguqu mucopolysaccharides iswekile. Ngamanye amazwi, oku iyachithakala iiseli ezindala ngcono ukugaya. -Nitric acid iphucula adrenal kwaye inika umgangatho adrenaline. Kwakhona, akukho ngcono isondlo iseli ludlala indima ebalulekileyo apho i-asidi pyruvic. Bolotov yebhalsam igalelo uluhlu umzimba iivithamini kunye acid, kwaye ibuyisela ezo molekyuli protein. It lineziphumo luyingenelo kuzo zonke iinkqubo emzimbeni, kwaye uthintele komtshiso oko. Yebhalsam inemisebenzi eziliqela. Okokuqala, lo ukwanda kwinani iiseli ezintsha. Okwesibini, le ukuncitshiswa slagging lomzimba, oko kukuthi inguqu ubuthi ityuwa kunye nokubasusa emzimbeni. Okwesithathu - kunzima kunye amagciwane nogwali ngokutsha.

"Russian Standard"

Yasekwa ngonyaka ka-1998 le nkampani ukuba imveliso iziselo ezinxilisayo yeyona umenzi inkulu kule ntsimi. Ivodka "Standard Russian" - ndisele ethe yaveliswa kwiinguqulelo ezininzi kumzi-mveliso eSt Petersburg. Kwilayini yangoku ibandakanya iintlobo "Empire", "Platinum" "original" yaye "Standard Gold Russian". Zonke iintlobo mava olu hlobo zeepropati kunye neempawu ezizodwa. Le mveliso ekunokuthiwa ngokwenene engcono. Ukubunjwa yevodka "Standard Russian" iquka kuphela izithako ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Le kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa uyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zale mihla. Ukuthatha imveliso best ingqolowa yenyuka Chernozemye namanzi - ukusuka kumthombo komhlaba, oludityaniswe Ladoga. Kuba soft, kumnandi ukuya ukungcamla le ethululwayo, ufanelwe basebukhosini.

Ivodka "Dolphin"

"Dolphin" - premium yevodka. Le nomnikelo ekunokuthiwa enye eyona ngecala ezishelifini zethu. Ivodka "Dolphin", ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze leyo kuthiwa ofezekileyo, iqulathe ubusi zendalo, ubisi neenkunzana luthathe kunye groats oat. Yenziwe akanaso utywala yodidi kunye namanzi ukusuka kwimithombo nokususa. Le nothululwayo, obuphalazelwe ezintsubeni, ezenziwa e-France. Umzekelo ngamnye zinokuhonjiswa Umfuziselo ngokohlobo intlanzi kunye kokuvalelwa hermetically, isivalo uhlambulukile.

Kuqalwa iziselo kakhulu, khetha kuphela iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Yaye khumbula ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo yevodka ikhokelela imiphumo vuhlayiseki.