Iqela elikhuselekileyo: iinkokeli, inkqubo. Amaqela angama-Conservative aseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20

Ngokumalunga neemeko zenguqulelo ka-1905, kwakukho amaqela ezopolitiko angamashumi amahlanu eRashiya, omabini amancinci kunye nenkulu, kunye nenethiwekhi yeeseli kulo lonke ilizwe. Zingabandakanywa kwimimandla emithathu-inguqu enkulu-yintando yesininzi-yentando yeninzi, inkululeko-nenkcaso kunye namaqela omkhosi angamaqumrhu eRussia. Ezi zilandelayo zixutyushwa ngokubanzi kweli nqaku.

Inkqubo yokudala amaninzi

Ngokomlando, amaqela ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko asetyenziswa ngendlela echanekileyo. Inkampani ephikisayo yashiya amaqela angokuqala. Ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwe-1905, oko kukuthi, emva kwexesha lokusayina kwe-Manifesto ka-Oktobha, amaqela amaninzi e-centrist akha, adibanisa, inxalenye enkulu, i-intelligentsia.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, esele isabela kwiManfesto, amaqela angama-right and wings of Russia abonakala. Inqaku elithakazelisayo: yonke le mibutho yanyamalala kwi-scaffold yembali elandelwayo: ukuguqulwa kukaFebruwari kwaguqula ilungelo , ngoko i-Revolution ye-Oktobha yabhidliza i-centrists. Kwaye ininzi yamaqela ase-leftist ahlangene namaBolsheviks okanye azinqabile ngawo-1920, xa izilingo zokubonisa ziqalise phezu kweenkokheli zabo.

Uluhlu kunye neenkokheli

Iqela le-Conservative - akukho-lingazange lilungele ukusinda ngo-1917. Bazalwa bonke ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, bafa phantse ngokufanayo. IQumrhu le-Conservative "I-Assembly yaseRashiya" ikhona ixesha elide kunabo bonke abanye, kuba lenziwe ngaphambili - ngowe-1900. Iya kuchazwa ngcaciso engezantsi.

I-Conservative Party "Union of the People of Russia" yasungulwa ngo-1905, iinkokeli - iDubrovin kunye no-1912 - iMarkov. "Umbutho wabantu baseRussia" ukhona ukususela ngo-1905 ukuya ku-1911, kwaze kwaba ngo-1917, kwakusesikweni ngokusemthethweni. VA Gringmut ngo-1905 waqala umbutho wamaRoma waseRashiya, owaba ngumbutho "weRashiya wama-monarchical union".

Iimbutho ezihloniphekileyo nazo zaba neqela labo elizimeleyo-i-United Nobility, eyadalwa ngo-1906. I-Russian People's Union eyayibizwa ngokuba nguMichael Archangel yayiholwa nguVM Purishkevich. I-National Conservative Party "Yonke iNyunyana Yase-Russian Union" yanyamalala kakade ngo-1912, uBalashov noShugin bayayithumela.

Iqela lamanqaku asemgangathweni laphelisa ubukho babo ngo-1910. I-Russian-Dubrovin Union yaseRashiya yabumba kuphela ngo-1912. Kamva, iqumrhu elilondolozo lwePatririotic Patriotic Union lakhiwa yienkokheli zika-Orlov no-Skvortsov ngo-1915. I-AI Guchkov yabuthela "uManyano we-Oktobha weshumi elinesibhozo" ngowe-1906 (i-Octobris efanayo). Nantsi nje malunga nawo onke amaqela asebenzayo aseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

"I siRashiya"

ISt. Petersburg yindawo yokuzalwa ye-RS- "I-Russian Assembly" ngoNovemba 1900. Umbongi uVL Velichko wakhonkxa kwisangqa esincinci kangangokuthi wayehlala ehlaselwa yimibono engacacanga kodwa ngokucacileyo yemiboniso yendlela amandla amnyama athatha ngayo iRashiya. Ucebise ukudala uhlobo lwe-commonwealth yabantu baseRashiya, belungele ukuxhathisa ingozi ezayo. Yiyo indlela iqela lePC eliqale ngayo - elihle kunye nelizwe. Ekubeni ngoJanuwari 1901 i-RS charter yayilungile kwaye inkokheli yonyulwa. Njengoko umbhali-mlando AD Stepanov wawubeka kwintlanganiso yokuqala, kwavela inkohlakalo emnyama.

Okwangoku, oku akuzange kubonakale kusongela njengoko, masithi, kwishumi elinesibhozo okanye kwiminyaka amabini. I-charter ivunyiwe nguSenat Durnovo kwaye ixhomekeke ngamagama afudumele agcwele ithemba eliqaqambileyo. Ekuqaleni, iintlanganiso ze-RS zazifana neqela lokubhala kunye nezobugcisa zaseSlavophile.

Kukho iingqondo, izikhulu, abefundisi kunye nabanini bezindlu. Ngaphambili kweenjongo zenkcubeko nezemfundo. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweenguqulelo ze-1905, ngenxa yemisebenzi yalo, i-RS yayeka ukufana namanye amaqela alondolozayo eRashiya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwaba ngokucacileyo ngokuchanekileyo.

Imisebenzi

Ekuqaleni, i-RS yalungiselela ingxoxo malunga neengxelo kwaye yahlela iindidi zohlobo. Iintlanganiso zenzeke ngoLwesihlanu kwaye zazinikela kwiingxaki zezopolitiko nezentlalo. "Iimviwo zemihla ngemihla" nazo zaziwa. Zonke i "ngoLwesihlanu" ziqale zibandakanya kwiV V. V. Komarov, kodwa zathandwa kwaye zithinteka ekwindla ka-1902, xa iVL Velichko ihamba nabo.

Ukususela ngo-1901, ngaphandle kwe "ngoMvulo" kunye "noLwesihlanu", iintlanganiso ezahlukileyo ziye zaqala (apha simele siqaphele umsebenzi weSebe le-Okhrinnogo, apho uSolwazi u-AM Zolotarev ophetheyo, kamva eli sebe lenze inkululeko yokuzimela "i-Russian society". Ukususela ngo-1903 phantsi kolawulo lwe-NA Engelgardt, iiLibini zesiBhali ziye zanda kakhulu.

Ekubeni ngo-1901 "iNdibano yaseRussia" yayingabantu abangaphezu kwewaka, kwaye ngowe-1902 - ngamakhulu amathandathu. Imisebenzi yezombusazwe ibilisiwe ukuba, ukususela ngowama-1904, i-Tsar yamkela izikhalazo kunye nezigxeko, ukuchithwa kwelo xesha kwindlu yamapolisa kunye nokwenza ipropaganda kwi-press ye-periodical.

Amasekela ngamaxesha athile ahlotshiswe ngumbuso wabo oyi-Golitsyn noVolkonsky, u-Earl Apraksin, u-Bogolyubov, kunye nabantu abadumileyo -Ngelhardt, Zolotaryov, uMordvinov, uLetiev, i-Puryshev, i-Bulatov, i-Nikolsky. UMlawuli wafumana i-RS delegation ngenkuthalo. Amaqela ezombusazwe angama-Conservative, uNikolai II, unokuthi, wayebathande kwaye uthembele kubo.

RS kunye neengxabano zenguqu

Ngowe-1905 no-1906, "iNdibano yaseRussia" ayenzanga nantoni na ekhethekileyo, kwaye akukho nto eyenzekayo, ngaphandle kwesetyhula yangaphambili-yenguqu, eyayingavunyelwe ukuba ibe nayiphi na imibutho yezopolitiko kumabutho e-tsarist. Emva koko amaqela enkululeko kunye nolondolozo alahlekelwa ngamalungu amaninzi, kwaye i-RS yashiya umsunguli wayo-AM Zolotarev.

NgoFebruwari 1906 i-RS yaququzelela i-All-Russian Congress eSt. Petersburg. Enyanisweni, iqela elithi "Assembly Assembly" lalingumnyaka we-1907 kuphela, xa inkqubo yenkqubo yekontrasi yamkelwa kwaye izilungiso zedokethi zenziwe. Ngoku i-RS ingakhetha ize ikhethwe kwi-Duma kaRhulumente kunye neBhunga likaRhulumente.

Isiqubulo seprogram sisisiqubulo esithi: "I-Orthodoxy, i-Autocracy, i-Nationalism". Akukho ngqungquthela enye yesigodlo "iNdibano yesiRashiya" ayilahlekanga. Nangona kunjalo, iqela elizimeleyo lezopolitiko lenziwe ngokukhawuleza. I-dumas yeyokuqala neyesibini ayifuni ithuba lokufumana i-RS, ngoko iqela lagqiba ekubeni lingakhethi abaviwa, ngokuchasene-nokuvota kwi-left far away (ekhohlisayo malunga ne-Octobrists and Cadets). Isikhundla sezopolitiko kwi-Third ne-Fourth Dumas ngokuqinisekileyo asizange sikhuthaze amagosa ayo ukuba avimbele i-centrists (i-Octobrists) kunye namaqela angamaqondo afanelekileyo.

Splits

Kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka we-1908 kwikampu yama-monarchist yaxubusha intshukumo, isiphumo saye sahlukana kwemibutho emininzi. Ngokomzekelo, impikiswano phakathi kwePurishkevich neDubrovin yahlukanisa uManyano wabantu baseRashiya, emva koko uMbutho kaMngameli waseMichael wabonakala. Iimbono kwi-RS zikwahlukana. Iqela lalandelwa yimpikiswano, ukusalala kunye nokufa, kodwa ngokukodwa izidumbu zobukhosi.

Ngowe-1914, iinkokeli ze-RS zanquma ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo iplanga, ekuboneni ekukhanyeni nasekukholeni kwenkcubeko ngendlela efanelekileyo yokulungisa iingxabano. Nangona kunjalo, imfazwe yayinzulu yonke impazamo ebudlelwaneni, ekubeni iMarkovites yayisigqibo sokuthula kunye neJamani, kunye nabaxhasayo bePurkekevich - ngokuchaseneyo, babefuna imfazwe ekupheleni. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-Februwari iNguqulelo, "iNdibano yaseRussia" isiphelile kwaye yajika ibe yincinci encinane yeStvophile.

NRC

"Umbutho wabantu baseRashiya" enye inhlangano emele amaqela alondolozayo. Itheyibhile ibonisa ukuba inzondelelo yintoni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lemashumi mabini - zonke iintlobo zoluntu, uluntu luyanda, njengama-mushroom phantsi kwemvula yasekwindla. I-NRC iqalile ukusebenza ngo-1905. Inkqubo kunye nemisebenzi yayisekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwimibono ye-chauvinistic nakwezinye iziSantiyam zendalo.

I-radicalism yama-Orthodox ikhethe ngokukhethekileyo imibono yamalungu ayo. I-NRC yayiphikisana ngokunyanisekileyo nawaphi na uhlobo lweenguqulelo kunye nepalamente, ikhuthaza ukungabonakali kunye nobunye baseRussia kwaye ikhuthaza izenzo ezihlanganyelweyo ngabasemagunyeni kunye nabantu, okuya kuba ngumzimba weluleko kumlawuli. Le ntlangano, ngokuqinisekileyo, yayivalwe emva kokuphela kweNguqulelo kaFebhuwari, kwaye kungekudala, ngo-2005, yazama ukuphinda ibuyele.

Umlando

Ubuzwe besiRashiya abuzange bube bodwa ehlabathini. Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo iphawulwe ngokubanzi ngamazwe. E-Rashiya, umsebenzi wezopolitiko osebenzayo ungabonakala kuphela ngexesha lemeko yombuso, emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwimfazwe kunye neJapan kunye nokuhlaselwa kweenguqulelo. Ukumkani kuphela ke wagqiba ekubeni axhaswe iqela lamacandelo asekuhlaleni.

Okokuqala kwavela inhlangano ephakamileyo ikhankanywe ngasentla "Intlanganiso yaseRussia", eyayingenanto efana nabantu, kwaye i-intelligentsia ayifumananga impendulo eyaneleyo. Ngokwemvelo, loo ntlangano ayinakuyichasa ukuguquka. Njengoko kunjalo, amanye amaqela ezopolitiko - inkululeko, iyalondoloza. Abantu babesele befuneka ukuba bangabi nephiko elungileyo, kodwa kwi-wing-left, imibutho yokuguqula.

Umanyano wabantu baseRashiya wabumbene kuphela ubuqaqawuli obuphezulu kwiindawo zawo, ulungelelaniso lwexesha eliphambi kwePetrine kwaye waqaphela kuphela i-farmers, iqela labathengisi kunye nabahloniphekileyo, i-intelligentsia yelizwe lonke ayifumanga iklasini okanye umgaqo. Inkqubo kaRhulumente we-SLL igxeke iimali-mboleko zamazwe ngamazwe ayithathileyo, ekholelwa ukuba ngoko amandla awonakalisa abantu baseRussia.

NRC kunye noyiko

Umanyano wabantu baseRussia, inkulu kunazo zonke kwiimanyano yamakhosi, wadalwa kwinqanaba labantu abaningana: udokotela uDubrovin, uHegumen Arseny kunye nomculi uMaikov. Inkokeli yayilungu leNdibano "yaseRashiya" uAlexander Dubrovin. Wayengumququzeleli omhle, umntu onobupolitika obuthathaka kunye nomntu onamandla. Wathintana ngokukhawuleza noorhulumente kunye nokulawula kwaye waqinisekisa abaninzi ukuba ukuthanda ubutyebi kuphela kunokusindisa umyalelo okhoyo, ukuba uluntu lufunekayo oluya kuqhuba izenzo zombini kunye nokwesaba.

Amaqela angama-Conservative ekhulwini lama-20 aqala ukubandakanya ukwesabisa-into entsha. Nangona kunjalo, intshukumo efunyenweyo inkxaso yezo zonke iintlobo: amapolisa, ezopolitiko kunye nemali. Inkosi ibusise i-NRC ngayo yonke intliziyo yakhe ngethemba lokuba ukanti ukwesabisa kungcono kunokungasebenzi, okuboniswa ngamanye amaqela alondolozayo eRashiya.

NgoDisemba 1905, i-rally rally yahlelwa kwi-Areka yaseMikhailovsky ye-NRC, apho abantu abangaba ngamawaka amabini amawaka bahlanganisana. Abantu abasemgangathweni - abalawuli bamaqhawe abadumileyo, ababhishophu - babonakala. Abantu babonisa ubunye kunye nomdla. "Umbutho wabantu baseRashiya" wapapasha iphephandaba elithi "ibhanti yaseRashiya". U-Tsar wamkela ukuxhomekeka, waphulaphula iingxelo waza wafumana izipho ezivela kwiinkokheli zeManyano. Umzekelo, iimpawu ezahlukileyo zamalungu e-NRC, apho iTrars kunye neTsesarevich bembethe ngezinye izikhathi.

Okwangoku, iifowuni ze-NRC zezinto ezichasene nama-anti-Semitic zatshintshwe kubantu ngezigidi zeeruble ezifunyenwe kwi-treasury. Lo mbutho wakhula ngezinga elikhulu, izakhiwo zengingqi zavulwa phantse kuzo zonke izixeko eziphambili zombuso, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa - amasebe angaphezu kwamashumi mathandathu.

ICongress, i-charter, inkqubo

Ngo-Agasti 1906, i-charter NRC yavunywa. Iqulethe iimbono eziphambili zeqela, inkqubo yezenzo zalo kunye nomgaqo wophuhliso. Olu xwebhu lucatshulwa ngokufanelekileyo kuyo yonke imimiselo yentlangano yamasiko, kuba yayimfutshane, icacile kwaye ichanekileyo kwiimimiselo. Ngelo xesha, inkomfa yeenkokheli ezivela kuyo yonke imimandla yadibana ukuba iququzelele imisebenzi kwaye ibeke ingqalelo.

Umbutho waba ngu-paramilitary ngenxa yesakhiwo esitsha. Wonke amalungu eqela lendawo kunye nefayile ahlukaniswe yaba ngamaqela, amaninzi adutshulwa ngamakhulu, kunye namakhulu-ngamawaka, ngokulandelanayo, ngokuthobela amaninzi, amakhulu kunye namawaka. Ukubambisana kwesi sicwangciso kwakuncedo olukhulu ekuthandeni phakathi kwabantu. Inkokheli enkulu yama-monarchist yayiseKiev, kwaye inxalenye enkulu yamalungu e-NRC ahlala kwi-Little Russia.

KwiMikhailovsky Manezh, ngexesha lokulungiswa kwemibhobho, kwakunye nebhajista ye-NRN, ohloniphekileyo uYohn waseKronstadt - umbingeleli wase-Russian-wonke, njengoko wayebizwa ngokuba yi-Russian. Wathetha intetho eyamkelekileyo kwaye kamva yena wajoyina i-NRC, kwaye ekugqibeleni yayiyilungu elihloniphekileyo leli Manyano.

Ukukhusela iinguqulelo kunye nokugcina umyalelo, i-NRC ihlale ikhuselekile, ihlala ixhobile, ikulungele ukwenza isenzo. "White Guard" esuka eOdessa - iqela eliqhelekileyo eliyaziwayo lalo cwangciso. Umgaqo wokwakhiwa kokuzikhusela yi-Cossack yezempi kunye namagosa, amantan kunye neshumi. Kuzo zonke iifeksi eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg kwakukho iindawo ezinjalo.

Ukuqhawula

Kwintlanganiso yayo yesine, i-NRC yayingowokuqala kumaqela omkhosi waseRussia. Wayephethe ii-ofisi ezingaphezu kwe-9, kwaye uninzi lwabathunywa belilungu lalo Manyano. Kodwa ngelo xesha, ukuphikisana phakathi kweenkokheli kwaqala. UPurkekevich wazama ukususa iDubrovin kwimisebenzi yakhe, kwaye kungekudala waphumelela. Wadonsa yonke imisebenzi yokushicilela kunye nentlangano kuye, iinkokeli ezininzi zamasebe asekuhlaleni azizange ziphulaphule umntu ngaphandle kwePurkekevich. Oku kwachaphazela abaninzi abaninzi abasunguli be-NRC.

Kwaye kukho ukungquzulana okwaye kwafika kangangokuba intlangano enamandla kunazo zonke yaphela ngokukhawuleza. U-Purishkevich ngo-1908 wadala "uManyano ogama lakhe linguMichael Michael", isebe laseMoscow lashiya i-NRC. I-Manifesto yeTsar ngo-Oktobha 17 ekugqibeleni yahlula i-NRC, njengoko isimo sengqondo ngokubhekiselele ekudalweni kwe-Duma kwakubonakele. Kwaye kwabakho ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kunye nokubulawa kwelungu elivelele likaRhulumente waseDuma, apho abasekeli baseDubrovin kunye nabo batyholwa.

Isebe le-Petersburg le-NRC ngowe-1909 laxosha iDubrovin ngamandla, yamshiya ilungu elihloniphekileyo kwi-Union, kwaye yakhupha ngokukhawuleza abantu bakhe abafana nabo kwizithuba zonke. Kuze kube ngo-1912, iDubrovin yazama ukulwa indawo phantsi kwelanga, kodwa yaqonda ukuba akukho nto iya kubuyiselwa, kwaye ngo-Agasti ibhalise umqulu we-Dubrovin Union, emva koko iofisi zengingqi zaqala ukuphuma kwiziko ngalinye. Konke oku akuzange kwongezwe kwigunya le nhlangano ye-NRC, kwaye yagqitywa. Amaqela angama-Conservative (abanamalungelo) aqiniseke ukuba urhulumente wayekwesaba ngamandla alo Manyano, kwaye uStolpin yena wadlala indima enkulu ekuwa kwakhe.

Ukuthintela

Kwafika ekugqibeleni ukuba ukhetho kwi-Duma kaRhulumente ye- NRC yayiyi-bloc enye kunye ne-Octobrists. Emva koko, iinzame zenziwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze ziphinde ziphinde zihlangane nenye inhlangano yamakhosi, kodwa akukho mntu uphumelele apha. Kwaye i-Revolution yeFebhuwari, iqela lamakhosikazi livinjelwe, liqalise ukuqhutyelwa kweenkqubo ezichasene neenkokheli. Emva koko kwafika u-Oktobha Revolution kunye neTrob Terror. Uninzi lwabaholi be-NRC kuloo minyaka babelindele ukufa. Bonke baphinde baxolelane, bekrazula zonke iziphambano ezidlulileyo, ukunyakaza kwe-White.

Izazi-mlando zaseSoviet zithatha ukuba i-NRC ibe yintlangano enqabileyo, inqwenela ukubonakala kwayo e-Itali. Nabo abathathi-nxaxheba be-NRC ngokwabo babhala iminyaka emininzi kamva ukuba "uManyano wabantu baseRashiya" bebeyindoda eyayihamba phambili ngaphambili ye-fascism (enye yeenkokeli - uMarkov-2, wabhala ngayo ngokuqhosha). I-V. Laker ikholelwa ukuba ama-Black Hundreds ayedlula malunga nesigama indlela ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuma yeshumi elinesithoba ukuya kumaqela aphilileyo (i-fascist) amaqela ekhulwini lama-20.