Intlawulo ukulungiswa. UMthetho zokulungisa ezinkulu izakhiwo zokuhlala

Wonke ummi we Russian Federation uyazi ukuba ngesityholo ukulungisa. Noko ke, asingabo bonke abacinga, yintoni na le bhodi amagqabi. Ukuze ngamnye kuthi nyanga zonke unika ethile imali kwi-ofisi yezindlu? kufuneka zingenele njani nokulungiswa isakhiwo sokuhlala, kwaye liyemka ngokwenene? Yonke le mibuzo ziya kunikwa iimpendulo kwinqaku.

Ingcamango kulungiswe

Indlu nganye multi-ezinemigangatho, kungekudala uqala maxongo. Ukuze kuthintelwe likaxakeka, isakhiwo kufuneka ibe nokulungiswa ngexesha nokuphucula. Ngokwendalo, isixa semali ezifunekayo ukulungiswa akathathi nje ngokungalindelekanga. Ngoko ke ukulungiswa imali kufuneka kubahlali ngokwabo.

Ngaphambi kokunikeza uphawu imiba yomthetho yomthetho olawula Ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukuba uxelele kancinane ngakumbi malunga iqukiwe ukulungisa. Yintoni iinkqubo noxanduva nalapho isebe apha zingahlukaniswa? Ukuba sithetha malunga sethi isezantsi kwiinkonzo kunye nemisebenzi izindlu inkampani, kuyimfuneko ukwahlula le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• replacement, ukulungisa okanye ufakelo iindidi ezahlukeneyo kwisakhiwo; Le zokufudumeza, ubonelelo lwamanzi, igesi, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi;
• ukulungiswa okanye ukutshintshwa bekwilift;
• alungise okanye ufakelo kophahla lwendlu;
• zokwenza umsebenzi izisele, ukomelezwa isiseko;
• ukulungiswa okanye sokuphuculwa olungaphambili - ngokulitywina amalunga, ukutyabeka nokubuyiselwa, ukutshintshwa okanye uhlaziyo eethayile, ukulungiswa wendlu, etc ...

Ngenxa yoko, iintanda isakhiwo sokuhlala uquka iqela elikhulu imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo.

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Ngoko nangoko ke kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba okwangoku eRashiya akukho oyilwayo enye, azinikele ngokupheleleyo ukuze balungise enkulu. Lonke uxanduva, ukudibanisa kwi ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo indlu, zilawulwa yimithetho nemimiselo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Apha izinto ngamnye imithetho federal, kunye nezigqibo ezithile nezigwebo, yaye amanye amanqaku kweKhowudi yeZindlu. Noko ke, lo mthetho sikhulu kakhulu-yaziwa kakuhle apha isemi phandle: № uMthetho Federal 271 - iinguqu kwi-Russian Code Housing.

De-2012, kwaba kubi kakhulu kwezindlu. Ukudideka bobabini ningi zomthetho, kunye nokungabikho inkqubo ecacileyo imithetho eyayiza ukulawula nokulungiswa kwezindlu. Kakade ke, kwakukho Code Housing. Noko ke, de ngoDisemba 2012 Inombolo yoMthetho Federal 271 yaye kwakungekho ndlela ofuna naye.

Luluphi utshintsho baye balandela ekuqaleni imbonakaliso isenzo olumisiweyo? Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele - kukuba intlawulo ukungcitywa kaYonatan ityala kunye nabemi (phambi nokulungiswa benza ngokupheleleyo ngamandla). Well okanye hayi - ingongoma moot. Kodwa akubonakali ukukhanyela into yokuba inkqubo iintlawulo kunye nokubulawa imisebenzi iye yaba lula ngakumbi. Kodwa nokuba yaba elingenamkhethe ngcono? Iinzame ukufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo iya kumakishwa kuyo.

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Njengoko usazi, yonke into isihlobo. Kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka kuthuthwa emva kwexesha kancinane uze uzame ukukhumbula ukuba ukulungisa indlela inkqubo esebenza ngaphambili.

Nakumaxesha Soviet, imizi uphahla gqolo njalo kwiminyaka eli-15, isiseko ilungiswe emva kweminyaka 25, kwaye uphahla izindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu ababandakanyekayo qho ngonyaka. Enyanisweni, kuzise kule mini, akukho nto iye yatshintsha ngokukhethekileyo. Nayiphi na inkampani ulawulo lwezindlu simisela esibekiweyo efanayo. Ukuba umsebenzi ngemihla kwangoko, izakhiwo ziya kuba nje imeko kaxakeka, yaye ekugqibeleni batshatyalaliswe.

Kwi-USSR, ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala lulele ngokupheleleyo izakhiwo ngamandla. Zonke izakhiwo ukuyiphatha yoluntu. Abemi kwakufuneka ukuba wenze intlawulo kwangethuba lodibaniso lwemali, yaye umasipala olwenziwe wonke umsebenzi eziyimfuneko ukwakha kunye nokulungiswa. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ekuqaleni babucala, zibangelwa ekuweni kwamandla yiSoviet, uninzi izakhiwo ocande ezandleni nabanini babucala. Ukususela ngoku, abalimi wayeka oorhulumente basekhaya.

Mess waqhubeka kwaze ekuqaleni kuka-2000. izindlu ezininzi lixesha, baba engaqhelekanga kwaye akafanelekanga ubomi. Kungenxa yoko le nto abasemagunyeni wagqiba ekubeni athabathe amanyathelo zixokozela. Kwaye kwaqulunqwa inkqubo ukulungisa. Kamva, ilandelwe yi-mthetho zokulungisa ezinkulu izakhiwo zokuhlala. Abaqashi sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule-5% yemali efunekayo ukuze ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi kwinguqu propati. Noko ke, lo mkhwa liphelele akukho Ndizuze umbala entle; ke kule mini kumakhaya amaninzi kuhlala ngaphandle inkonzo.

intlawulo zomdibaniso ukulungisa ngalinye: ubungakanani ka-2017

amagunya Russian kuya kuba kuhle ukuba sinikele ingqalelo inkqubo baseYurophu, ukubonelela yemini umqeshi ukudala ulondolozo ekuthiwa-capital. Ingaba isixa esithile semali, eyayithunyelwe kamva ukuphumeza umsebenzi inguqu lwezindlu. Inzuzo kwenkqubo loo izicacele: yonke intshukumo kunye iimali emehlweni umntu ngamnye. Kukho ingxelo engqongqo, elikuvumela ukuba uchithe imali ngqo loo njongo; akukho namnye penny akanako ukumshiya umntu epokothweni.

Nakuba kunjalo, i-Russian Federation, ulungiselelo olunjalo beluya ayisetyenziswa ubunzima obukhulu. Owona mqobo apha - indlala eqhelekileyo yabemi. Abantu abaninzi nje ayikwazanga ukwenza iintlawulo ngexesha ngenxa yokunqongophala elula yemali. Ke leyo inkqubo isebenza namhlanje?

Abasemagunyeni waphuhliswa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yesicwangciso (ukuba isenzo, uya kuba ukuya ku 2042), njengoko apho umasipala ukwenza ingxowa. Le meko efanayo ukulungiswa ishedyuli ekhaya ngamnye ngamnye. Zokulungisa ikomkhulu kalula Law (№ Federal uMthetho 271) uthi imfuneko ahlawule isixa esithile semali elingana engange ubuncinane 15 m izindlu ^2. Kakade ke, uthethe ngale amandla "impumelelo engakholelekiyo kwenkqubo esekwe" yaye "amawaka kumakhaya umgangatho lilungiswe." Ngaba la mabango zokwenene namhlanje? Kulo mbuzo, umntu ngamnye kufuneka aphendule ngokwakhe. Njengoko "izinto abangabancedani" kunokubangela Izicatshulwa ezininzi oyilwayo.

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Wonke ummi weli kufuneka babenolwazi ngamalungelo abo ezindlu - kuyimfuneko ukuvula ikhowudi yezindlu ze ufunde ezinye bemiqathango yawo. Okulandelayo iya thaca iingongoma eziphambili oko kubandakanya intlawulo ukulungiswa. Umthetho uthi ngongoma zilandelayo:

• Onke amaxesha zilungisa zibekwa ngqo ngumasipala. Kwimeko kwephulwa abemi banelungelo ufake isikhalazo. Umasipala uya kuqokelela ikhomishini kunye, xa kukho imfuneko, zama ukulungisa isakhiwo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

• Ukulungiswa ikhaya enkulu ayikwazi ukuba besingazilazilanga, nasemva kokuba abahlali ngokwabo wenziwe wonke umsebenzi eyimfuneko ukuphucula izindlu.
• Ikomishoni, eyakhiwa ngabameli lwezindlu, uqikelelo ukulungiswa, oluqhutywa kumasipala.
• kuba imali ukulungisa kulawulwa nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Kulo mzekelo, umsebenzi ixhomekeke hlengahlengiso, kodwa kuphela xa isaziso bonke abahlala.

Lo oyilwayo ithi, naphezu iintlobo eziphambili izibonelelo ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ngabasemagunyeni ekuhlaleni. Oku kuza kucaciswa kamva.

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Ngokutsho Federal Law № 271, amaqela athile abemi banelungelo kwinani yokuxolelwa. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abantu, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, bayakwazi ukuhlawula imali yokukhwela ayikho ngokupheleleyo.

Malunga zeziphi iindidi abemi ngawo? Ayichatshazelwa njengentlawulo ukungcitywa kuba abemi ilandelayo:

• iintsapho kunye nabantwana abathathu okanye ngaphezulu;
• abantu abakhubazekileyo;
• iintsapho kunye nabantwana kunye nokukhubazeka;
• servicemen okanye iintsapho amaxhoba emfazwe;
• abasebenzi bakhulise okanye magqala angels;
• iintsapho ngaphandle umondli;
• abanikelayo Wawongwa;
• abanini zohlobo ezahlukeneyo amabhaso karhulumente.

Apha kuyimfuneko ukwenza kunye nezinye iindidi abemi. Bonke bephela abhaliswe kuMthetho Federal № 271.

imirhumo eluncedo kubhalo oluqhelekileyo

Imali ye ulungiso olukhulu ekhaya ibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Iyafuna ukuqaqambisa ubungakanani kunye nendawo yokuhlala, kunye uhlobo lwesakhiwo, kwaye ubukho izinto ezithile izindlu (ezifana bekwilift, stairwells njalo njalo. D.).

Okubhalwe Abasemagunyeni kwezindlu kunye kamasipala ngaloo ndlela ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• iiyadi;
• zokucoca kunye nokulungiswa nobhazabhaza;
• ukusebenza kunye yokulahla inkunkuma;
• yesondlo inkqubo lift nokulungiswa;
• Sebenza ngemizila umoya amdaka;
• nokususwa ngexesha inkunkuma evela ummandla wayo uphela macala indlu njalo njalo. d.

Ukuba izakhiwo abanye uhlobo izixhobo, okanye ibekwe kwiindawo ebaphazamisayo, intlawuliso yokulungisa isenokuba ngaphezulu kancinane norm. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthetha malunga nefuthe ingakumbi indlu igumbi iindleko zokusilungisa ezinkulu. Umthetho olawula oku kulandelayo:

• nabaqeshi izakhiwo pre-revolution (njenge umthetho, yakhekani - nenkcubeko yezinto) kufuneka ndihlawule malunga 3 engange m ^{2 nganye;}
• abantu abahlala "Khrushchev," kufuneka ahlawule imali engange ezimbini m ^{2 nganye;}
• kubemi abahlala kwizindlu olwalusele 60-80s kufuneka ahlawule miri ngenxa 2.2 m ^2;
• abahlali lwezindlu ngezitena kufuneka uhlawule ubuncinane 2.5 engange;
• abantu abahlala kwizakhiwo mihla, ukuhlawula malunga 2.7 engange.

Ngenxa yoko, uhlobo lwesakhiwo lwezindlu kwakhona kuchaphazela kakhulu ixabiso ulondolozo oluqhubekekayo.

Imiphumo ukungahlawulwa lweerhafu

Isimanga, abantu abaninzi nje ukwala ukuhlawula iifizi ukulungiswa. Ukuze benze oku, ukufumana okuninzi yezizathu ezininzi: yinto ukwabiwa kwemali, yaye kungekho nawuphi na "ukubuya" ngakwicala likamasipala (ngenxa yokuba kaninzi abemi yezindlu nje musa ubone naziphi na ukulungiswa), kunye nokulungiswa kakuhle. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abathile yaye uyazibuza ukuba umthetho ukuhlawulela ukulungiswa.

Ngenye indlela, urhulumente akayithandi non-abangahlawuliyo, ngoko ufuna zonke iindlela ukujongana nazo ukumisa ukwayo. Yiyiphi imiphumo olunokusongamela ngummi owalayo ukuhlawulela iinkonzo lwezindlu eziluncedo? Kakhulu ukuba akukho yindlela elula - inhlawulo ngomlinganiselo mboleko yebhanki. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu unyanzelekile ukuba ukuhlawula iintlawulo ezifike nkqu-15% yesixa efunekayo mali.

Ukuba lo mbandela konke konke kuza ematyaleni, la manyathelo alandelayo singathathwa ngokuchasene ummi:

• endlini;
• ekungakwazini athathe Uboleke kwezinye iibhanki kweli lizwe;
• zemvume umdla;
• nokukhutshwa endlwini (kodwa esi sisikali kakhulu, kufuneka ityala multi-sigidi se dollar enkundleni nako idima abemi kwempahla).

Umzekelo elula apha kungaba lolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-ummi kwi indlu ka-50 m ² ipropati; Ngumsebenzi ngummi - 3 amawaka engange zokulibaziseka leentsuku ezingama-30 .. Iimbasa Umasipala nesohlwayo 45 engange. Kulo nyaka, lo entle ingawangqi- kuvuka ku 800 engange. Ngoko, nantoni na izimvo kuncendile kusenokwenzeka ukuba inkqubo ibe ngummi ngendlela ngexesha baya kufuneka ukuba ahlawule isixa efunekayo imali.

uluvo Ingcaphephe kwinkqubo yentlawulo kuncendile

Kiswano evelayo xa kuthethwa sesakhiwo iinkqubo zentlawulo ukungcitywa sele ehamba ixesha elide. iingcali ezininzi nabavumayo ethile uluvo?

Le meko kanye, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, asikwazi kubizwa ngokuba nethemba. Kwelinye icala, kuncendile yangoku inkqubo yentlawulo yelizwe cishe akunakwenzeka ukutshintsha: kwesicwangciso esamkelweyo amathathu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ixesha elide zonke iingxaki unsolvable echazwe ngasentla. Ukungabikho elubala inkqubo ye banal, ukulwa amahlwempu umsebenzi wokulungisa umgangatho, ulawulo loluntu - onke kuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle koko, xa inkqubo yaseYurophu kulungiswe intlawulo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo onjalo Akukabonakali ngempumelelo isicelo kwi Eyona: kusekho kwinqanaba olukhulu ubuhlwempu.

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ingaba yintoni na isisombululo? Uhlobo kakhulu elilelona - HOA. Kwisithili wakha indlu entsha. kuba imali ukulungisa kuyafana yonke enye. Ekubeni le ndawo kwaza kwakho abantu abahlala kutshanje, abaqeshi andiyiboni ingqiqo ukunika imali kumasipala akucaci kutheni. Kungenxa yoko le nto abemi yagqiba ukuba amalungiselelo intsebenziswano abanini lwezindlu. Ukususela ngoku, zonke iintlawulo basekukhanyeni yaye ibonakala ukuba uninzi Iwabemi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo kusenokuba kukho ezininzi iingxaki. HOA uyondelelanise kuphela xa kukho unobuchule ngokwenene yaye sihlalo esebenzayo ekhaya. Ukuba kuvela naziphi na umbuzo malunga ubukho mali yobuhlakani. Abaninzi apha kuya kuvela umbuzo: ingaba kukho intlawulo ukuze kulungiswe mandatory? Impendulo eziqhitsini yes. Wonke ummi fanele ukuba umbutho kufuneka ikhuthaze feasibly isakhiwo sezindlu kunye nokugcinwa kwayo ngurhulumente "uphilile".