Inkqubo yokukhwabanisa ... Inkqubo yemali: umyalelo wokukhutshwa kwemali ekusasazeni kunye nokurhoxiswa kwabo kwimisipha

Kwimimandla yokulawulwa kwemali, phambili kunikwe iindlela zezoqoqosho. Ziquka isethi ethile yezixhobo. Enye yazo yindlela yokuphuma. Le ndlela yokumisela isetyenziswe ngokwemiqathango ephambili. Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu zayo ngokubanzi.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ngokwe-Art. 35 yoMthetho weNombolo no-86 olawula imisebenzi yeBhanki Ephakathi, iindlela eziphambili zezoqoqosho zokulawula ummandla wezemali zi:

1. Amaxabiso kwimisebenzi.
2. Iimfuneko zokugcina iimfuno.
3. Imisebenzi kwiimarike ezivulekileyo.
4. Ukufakwa kwamasheya okulingana.
5. Ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kweenkampani zemboleko.
6. Ukungenelela kwemali.
7. Izithintelo ngokuthe ngqo.
8. Ukusekwa kwezikhokelo zokunyusa imali.

Ummiselo wezezimali usebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo ekulawuleni uqoqosho. Ukuchithwa kweendlela zalo kuthintela kakubi imeko yezoqoqosho. Oku kubangelwe, ngokukodwa, ukuba, ukukhululwa kwemali ngokugqithiseleyo, umzekelo, kukhokelela ekunyuseni kwamanani, ukwehla kwamandla okuthenga kwemali, ukwehliswa kwemali. Ukungabikho kwemali, ngokuchaseneyo, kunceda ukunciphisa amathuba okukhula koqoqosho, okukhokelela kwingxaki yokungahlawulwanga.

Umbutho wemali yentlawulo

Ingenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kweebhanki. Kule meko, kukho ukuhlawulwa kwemali kwemali. Umgaqo wenkqubo uyenziwa yiBhanki Ephakathi. Yilesi sakhiwo esinelungelo lokusebenzisa indlela yokuchithwa komsebenzi walo. Oku kusekwe kwinqanaba lomthetho. Ngethuba elifanayo, liye lasekwa yimimiselo yokuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo usekelwe kuphela ngokubhekiselele kumanqaku eebhanki kunye nakwiimeko ezithile-zemali. Iingxelo zemali yokubuyisela imali ngenani elincinci nakwiibalo ezenziwa ngabantu. Ingaphantsi kwama-5-10%. Ukuhlelwa kwezinto zokucwangcisa akufanelekanga. Oku kubangelwe ukuba inkokhelo ifezekiswe ngamashishini asebhanki ngamasebe eBhanki Ephakathi, kuxhomekeke kwimfuno. Ayinakusetyenziswa ukufihla imali yebhajethi. Kule nxu lumano, ukuchithwa kwebhanki yinto eguquguqukayo. Akunamathele kwizibonakaliso ze-macroeconomic kwaye ayikho phantsi kolawulo oluqinileyo ngumlawuli.

Ukuchaneka kokuphunyezwa

Ukukhutshwa kweebhanki zebhanki kuyahlukana nokusekwa koxanduva lwetyala likarhulumente kwinto yangaphambili, esebenzayo njengemithetho yeebhilikhwe, isetyenziswe njengethenda yomthetho. Abachazi inzala yentlawulo. Imali yanamhlanje inomlingiswa wesikolodo. Kule nkalo, iibhanki zebhanki zifana neefowuni. Benza njengengxenye ebalulekileyo yobuninzi bemali ekusasazeni. Iibhanki eziphambili zamazwe athuthukileyo azivami ukuveliswa kuphela kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemali kwi-circulation. Bayakwazi ukuyila, ukukhusela iibhanki zebhanki. Iimali ezidala kufuneka zipheliswe ngezikhathi ezithile. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwetheknoloji kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ngokuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zeekhompyutheni, kuba lula kubaxhamli ukuba banqumle iimali zeebhanki. Ibhanki ephambili, esebenza njengomlawuli welizwe, kufuneka ifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo kwaye zibathintele. Imisebenzi yeBhanki eNkulu ingabandakanya isisombululo kwezinye izinto zobugcisa.

Ukubonelelwa

Kwiimpawu zebhanki akubonwanga ukuba ziphantsi kokukhuselwa kweempahla ezahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, banokubonelelwa ngeensimbi ezixabisekileyo, igolide kunye njalo. Oku kuboniswa kwii-balance balance. Njengekhuseleko i-asethi yeBhanki Ephakathi iyenza. Amanqaku akhe abalulekileyo, njengommiselo, zii- gold kunye neengxowa-mali zamanye amazwe, iimali-mboleko kwizakhiwo zebhanki kwizokhuseleko zezabelo okanye iphothifoliyo yeebhanki zikaRhulumente. Kwamazwe ahlukeneyo, umba wokukhusela ibhanki uhluka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, inesizathu esisemthethweni. Kudla ngokwaneleyo kumthetho ukuchonga uhlobo lokhuseleko kwaye, ngoko ke, imigangatho engacacanga yokuveliswa kwebhanki.

Ephakamileyo

Kwimida yezemali, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokubala zisetyenzisiweyo. Njengomnye wabo kukho imali eguqulwa ngokukhululekile. Esi sixhobo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo akuvumelekanga kuphela kumazwe abenzileyo, kodwa nangaphandle kwabo. Imali yolu hlobo iyamkelwa kuwo onke amazwe apho ukuguqulwa kwiimali zikazwelonke kwenziwa. Ingasetyenziselwa kwiibalo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwemimiselo, ngaphandle kwaleyo eyenziwe nguRhulumente ukukhusela iimali zelizwe. Isilinganiso semali enjalo sisungulwa kuphela kwisakhelo semisebenzi evulekile. Urhulumente akanalo ilungelo lokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ixabiso lemali kazwelonke. Enye yezinyathelo ezivumelekileyo zokungenelela inokungenelela kwemali yeBhanki Ephakathi. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, iindlela zokuthengisa iimveliso zodwa zingasetyenziselwa, zibonisa ukunyuka kwonikezelo lweemali ekutshintshisweni, okunciphisa iindleko zabo.

Imali engenayo imali

Ingxaki ethile. Ibhanki ephambili ayinayo i-real or formal monopoly kwi-b / n yokuchithwa kweendlela. Oku kubonakaliswe kule ilandelayo. Izakhiwo zezemali zifaka iindawo ezigcinwe kuyo kwiBhanki Ephakathi. Lo ngumqathango kaRhulumente owenza umgaqo. Isabelo esincinci se-deposits senziwe ngemali esetyenziselwa ukucima iindawo zokuhlala. Ubungakanani babo, njengomthetho, alukho ngaphezulu kwe-30-50% yemali yeBhanki Ephakathi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha angaphantsi.

Ukukhishwa kwemali engekho-mali kusetyenziswe kuphela ngumlawuli welizwe. Ezinye iibhanki zingenza kwakhona ubuninzi bemithombo yemali ngendlela efanayo neBhanki Ephakathi. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kukuba ukuba iinkampani zorhwebo ezifana nokuchithwa kwezixhobo zixhobo zokuphuhlisa imisebenzi yazo. Ibhanki ephakathi isebenzise ngokungabikho kwemali yokulawula ukuthengiswa kwebhanki. Ngokuhlalutya ama-sheets of balance of the regulator, kuyacaca ukuba isabelo se-b / n sokukhutshwa kwayo asibalulekanga xa kuthelekiswa neminye imibutho yezemali.

Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo

Cinga ngokufakwa kweziqinisekiso. Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo wezoLuntu, baqatshelwa njengamaxwebhu aqinisekisa amalungelo epropati, ukudluliselwa okanye ukuthengiswa okuvunyelwe kuphela kwimiboniso yabo. Iziqinisekiso kufuneka zibe nefom echanekileyo kunye neemfuno ezifunekayo. Ukuphunyezwa kwamaxwebhu kwenziwa kwiziko lokuqala lokurhweba. Njengabadlali abalulekileyo kwimarike batyali kunye nabakhuphayo. Ezi zilandelayo ziqikelela isiphakamiso, kuba zifuna iimali zemali. Abatyalomali, nabo, bafuna iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokufezekiswa kweenkunzi zabo. Ngako oko, bayayifaka imfuneko.

Iimarike eziphambili

Iququzelela imali yeehhafu kwaye iwafaka kwezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, akukhuthazi kuphela ukunyusa ukwanda kokuqokelela kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho. Kwimarike yokuqala, ukuhanjiswa kweemali kwenziwa kwimihlaba yezoqoqosho kunye namashishini. Njengoko umqathango wokubekwa uyingeniso yokubambisa i-securities. Oku, oko kuthetha ukuba iifowuni zihanjiswe kumacandelo, amasebe oqoqosho kunye nakwamashishini akwandisa inzuzo. Iimarike eziphambili, ngoko ke, zenza njengomlawuli ngqo wenkqubo yezoqoqosho kazwelonke. Abaxhasi bangaba masipala, urhulumente, iinkampani. Indima yeqela ngalinye lichongiwe lizwe loqoqosho kunye neqondo jikelele lophuhliso lwayo. Isaphulelo sebhajethi esingapheliyo sinquma isikhundla esiphambili sikarhulumente kwimarike.

Ukunyuswa

Umba walezi zibambiso zenziwa ngamashishini kwinkqubo yokudalwa kwazo, kunye nokwanda kwexabiso lemali yabo egunyazisiweyo okanye ukukhangela izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo. Inqubo ephambili yintengiso yezabelo kubatyalisi-abanikazi bokuqala. Ukwenyuka okunjalo kwenziwa ngexesha lokumiselwa kweenkampani okanye ukwanda kwinkunzi enkulu egunyazisiweyo. Ukuxhaswa kweemali ezibolekelelwe kwenziwa ngokudala izibophelelo.

Iindlela ezisisiseko

Ukukhishwa kweprayimari kuboniswa kule fomu elandelayo:

1. Vula (esidlangalaleni). Kule meko, ukufakwa kuqhutyelwa phakathi kwenani elingenamkhawulo lwabatyalomali. Inkampani iyamemezela esidlangalaleni isiganeko esizayo ngokuqhuba umkhankaso wokukhangisa nokubhalisa i-prospectus.
2. Valiwe. Ukukhutshwa okunjalo kubizwa ngokuba yimfihlo. Kule meko, inkampani ayibhengezeli iinjongo zayo esidlangalaleni. Indawo yokuhlala iqhutyelwa phakathi kwenani elincinci labatyalo-mali (ukuya kuma-500) okanye kwisixa esingadlulanga ama-50 engumvuzo omncinci.

Ukudalwa kweediphozithi

Ngokwenza oko, ukukhishwa kwetyala kuyasetyenziswa rhoqo. Imela ukunyuka kobuninzi bezinto eziyimali kwibhanki ngenxa yokwakheka kweediphozithi ezintsha kubathengi abaye bafumana mboleko kuyo. Ukudalwa kwale ndlela yokukhwabanisa kubangelwa ukuqonda ngamaziko eebredithi ukuba akukho mfuneko yokugcina indawo engabalulekanga kwiindawo zokukhusela. Ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa zibe yimali yangempela. Ukwenza oku, kubalulekile ukuba uvumelane nabbolekayo ukuba bangathatha imali njengabo bantu abaye banikela ngeakhawunti ngexesha elinye. Ngenxa yoko, abemi abanemalimboleko bangafumana inzuzo, zombini ngemali. Ukwenza oku, umboleki uyalela ukuba ibhanki ihlawule ngokuhlawulwa kwemboleko. Ekubeni iifomethi zifanelekile iintlawulo zokuthenga, ngokwenene, ahluke kwikheshi.

Ukwahlula iiphozithi

Iibhanki zanamhlanje zinika iifomethi:

1. Ubunikazi bokugcina.
2. Yadalwa liziko lemali ngokubonelela ngemali eboleweyo.

Njengesizathu saloo mva, kukho izibonelelo ezininzi. Emva kweemeko ezininzi zebhanki, kwavela ingxaki enkulu yemali. Isisombululo sawo kwakunkqubo yokwesekwa kwelizwe lonke. Imigaqo yayo isetyenziswe kwisiseko sebhanki yamaninzi amaninzi, kuquka uRashiya. Inkqubo enjalo isekelwe kwicandelo elithile leengxowa-mali zezentengiso zemali kwiimfuno ezizodwa. Ilungelo lokulilahlisa liyi-Central Bank. Ubeka imigangatho kwimigqaliselo emiselweyo kwiindawo ezigcinwe kuyo. Zizimisele kwi-% yemali epheleleyo eyenziwa ngumbutho webbhanki kwiingxelo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Njengenye yeenkalo eziphambili zenkqubo yokusabalalisa kwemali kumazwe angxowankulu kukungabikho okupheleleyo malunga nokwahlukana kwemali kwi-banknote kunye neebhanki. Iintlobo zombini zinegunya lokuthenga elilinganayo . Utshintsho oluvela kwifom yebhanki kwifom engekho-mali ihambelana neemfuno zangempela zamaziko ezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, lonke ubuninzi beemali lilawulwa, kwaye kungekhona nje kuphela izinto zalo. Ngenxa yobunye bokusabalalisa, ukusebenzisana kwemali, iimveliso zemveliso kunye neemveliso zeemveliso, iirhafu zemali ziba ngumlawuli womsebenzi wezoshishino. Ngoko ke, urhulumente unesixhobo esinemali esisebenzayo. Ulawulo olulawulayo luseBhanki Ephakathi. Oku kungenxa yezinto ezininzi. Izizathu eziphambili zokubakho kobukhulu kwiBhanki Ephakathi ziyimfuneko yokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunye nokuququzelela ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kunye kunye nentengo yemboleko.