I-Self-portraits ye-Dure: inkcazo, imbali yendalo kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

I-titanium yeNtshonalanga Yurophu yaseNtshonalanga, i-Intelligence of Renaissance, i-Albrecht Durer, yayingenye yeenkwenkwezi eziqaqambileyo esibhakabhakeni saseJamani. Omnye umculi wexesha le-15th-16 leminyaka wayedume ngokubhalwa kwakhe kwintsimbi nobhedu; Imihlaba, eyenziwe nge-watercolor kunye ne-gouache, imifanekiso ebonakalayo yokuphila. Waba ngumbhali wokuqala wobugcisa kwimbali. Ukuba ngumntu onolwazi olunzulu, u-Albrecht Durer akazange akhiphe imisebenzi evelele kuphela, kodwa ubugcisa beengqondo. Phakathi kwabo - ukudweba "iMelancholy" kunye nomgca wayo wemilingo. Umculi wezobuchule naye waba udumo ngokuzibonakalisa kwakhe, apho zombini ubuchule kunye nobunjani bombhali obunqununu. Ubomi, u-Albrecht Durer wenza ubuncinane imisebenzi engama-50, kodwa bambalwa bethu basinda namhlanje. Yintoni ephawulekayo kwi-self-portraits ye-Durer? Kutheni besenza ukuba abantu abanomdla abathandekayo bomsebenzi wakhe bathuthumele?

I-Self-portraits njenge-biography ye-Albrecht Durer

Abadlali be-biographer bathi inkosi yase-Albrecht Durer yayiyindoda enomdla kakhulu, kwaye uthando lokuziphathekayo lwaluxhomekeke kwisifiso esinamandla sokukholisa abantu. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakungeyona injongo yabo yinyani. I-self-portraits ye-Durer ibonakalisa umhlaba wakhe wangaphakathi kunye nembono kwizobugcisa, imbali yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokuphuhliswa kwengcamango yobugcisa. Ziyakwazi ukulandelwa kulo lonke ubomi bomculi. Ngamanye amanyathelo ayo ngumsebenzi omtsha, ohluke ngokugqithisileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo. I-Durer yenza i-self-portrait njengento ehlukeneyo kwezobugcisa, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe ngokubanzi waba yi-biography ye-artist. Ngamanye amaxesha bangachazela ngaphezu kweyiphi na incwadi.

Ukuzibonakalisa kokuqala komculi omkhulu

I-self-portrait yokuqala ye-Albrecht Durer yadalwa ngo-1484. Emva koko umculi wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu kuphela ubudala, kodwa wayesele akwazi ukuhambisa ngokuthe ngqo ukulinganisela kwaye wayenobunzima bepini yesilivere. Abancinci uAlbrecht ngethuba lokuqala bachaza umgca wobuso bakhe. Esi sixhobo sishiya umkhondo we-silvery kwiphepha eliphambili. Emva kwexesha, liba mnyama. Ukucima kwiphepha, ngaphandle kokulimaza umhlaba, akunakwenzeka. U-Albrecht oneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu ubudala, nangona kunjalo, wapenda umzobo wabo, ukudala okuza kubangela ubunzima nakubungcali belo xesha.

Kulo mfanekiso, u-Durer omncinane ukhangeleka ngokucokisekileyo kwaye ngelo xesha. Ukukhangela kwakhe kugcwele ukudabuka nokuzimisela. Isenzo sesandla sithetha ngesifiso esingagxiliyo sokufezekisa injongo yaso - ukuba abe yinkosi enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe. Ngenye imini, uBawo Albrecht, wabona umsebenzi wengonyana wakhe. I-self-portrait yokuqala ye-Durer yatshitshiswa ngumthengisi onetalente. UBawo wayesoloko efuna ukuba unyana wakhe alandele ezinyathelweni zakhe, kodwa emva kokuvavanya umsebenzi wase-Albrecht, wamthuma ukuba afunde kwi studio yomculi kaMichael Wolgemuth. Kukho umfana oseDure wafunda izinto ezisemgangathweni zokudweba nokubhala.

I-self-portrait yokuqala kunye neepeni

Ekupheleni koqeqesho ngamnye umculi, ngokwesiko saloo xesha, wahamba uhambo. Ukuhamba, kwafuneka afumane amava avela kumasters avela kumazwe akude. Kulo mzila u-Albrecht Durer naye waya. I-self-portrait, ebhaliwe nguye ngethuba lonke elaseYurophu, labulawa ngendlela ehluke ngokupheleleyo. Ubonisa ikhono lomculi omncinci ukubonisa iphepha elingaphakathi komphefumlo womntu. Ngeli xesha, uDure wasebenzisa ipeni, kwaye isimo sakhe sengqondo sahluke. Kulesithombeni "Ukuzimela ngokubhanqa" Ubuso buka-Albrecht bugcwele iintlungu kunye nentlungu engathandekiyo. Ihlanganiswe ngamakhankco, okwenza umfanekiso ukhulu. Isizathu sokuhlushwa asiyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa akungabazeki ukuba zenzeke.

I-self-portrait, 1493

Ekupheleni kohambo u-Albrecht wafumana iindaba zomtshato wakhe wokuqala. Emva koko, ngekhulu le-15, abazali bakhetha abo bobabini. Uyise ka-Albrecht wathola umfazi ovela kwintsapho yaseNuremberg enhle. Ngokuchasene nomtshato ka-Agnes Frey, umculi osemtsha akazange aphikise. Kukho imbono yokuba kwakukho kwesi siganeko uDürer wabhala "I-Self-Portrait nge-Thistle." Ngaloo mihla kwakucatshangelwa ukuba abantu abaza kutshatyalaliswa ngokusemtshatweni, ngoko umculi waselula wagqiba ekubeni enze umfazi wakhe isipho esizodwa.

Kulo mzobo, u-Albrecht uneminyaka engama-22 ubudala. Le nsizwa yayigxininise amehlo yakhe ekude. Ujolise kwaye ucingisise. Amehlo ka-Albrecht ahlanjululwa ngenxa yokuba wayesebenza kwi-portrait, ejonge ngokwakhe kwisibuko. Kwizandla zomculi ubamba intonga. Waba ngumxholo wokuphikisana phakathi kwebalandeli beDurer bokudala.

Iingxabano ezungeze "I-Self-portrait nge-thistle"

Ilingana nelizwi elithi "u-thistle" ngesiJalimane ngu-männertreu, eliguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ngokuthi "ukuthembeka komntu." Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-self-portrait yayenzelwe uAgnes Frey. Nangona kunjalo, abachasene nale mbono baxela ukuba intlanzi ibonakalisa intshukumo kaKristu, kwaye ameva esityalo amela iintlungu zikaYesu. Ukongezelela, uDurer wabhala ngokuzenzekelayo: "Imiba yam ilawulwa nguNgelele." Kwaye kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba lo mfanekiso ubonakalisa ukuthobela nokuzinikela kumculi kaThixo, kungekhona isipho kumfazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo. Nangona kunjalo, nguDure kuphela owaziyo inyaniso.

Umsebenzi waseTaliyane, 1498

Umsebenzi olandelayo wenkosi uAlbrecht kwi-kind of self-portrait sele isenziwa e-Italy. Umculi uye wahlala efuna ukuya kweli lizwe waza waqhelana nesithethe esiyingqayizivele somzobo waseTaliyane. Umfazi omncinane kunye nentsapho yakhe abazange baxhase imbono yokuhamba, kodwa isifo esiyingozi esasigxina iNuremberg senze uhambo olwamkelekileyo lunokwenzeka. I-Durer yahlaselwa yintlankqalazo ecacileyo yemibala yase-Italia. Wawubonisa imvelo ngokucacileyo okucacileyo kwelo xesha. I-Durer yayingu-paint landster yokuqala kwimbali yobugcisa. Isimo sakhe sasingumfanekiso ochanekileyo, ohambelana nemvelo kunye nejometri. Umoya wokudala waseItali wamnceda ukuba azamkele nje ngokuba ngumcebisi-mvelisi. Kwaye kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-self-portrait yaseNtaliyane.

Ibonisa umntu oqinisekileyo oye waqonda ukubiza kwakhe, umsebenzi womdali wezinto ezintle kunye ne-credo yomcingeli. Lo kwakuyi-Durer. I-self-portrait, inkcazo eyakuvumela ukuba ugwebe utshintsho lobunikazi bakhe, ingomnye wemisebenzi edumileyo yomculi. Dure kuyo igcwele isithunzi. Ukunyameka kwakhe kuchanekile, kwaye amehlo akhe athetha ukuzithemba. UAlbrecht unxibe kakhulu. Izinwele zakhe eziphethwe ngokucophelela ziyawa emagxeni akhe. Kwaye kwimvelaphi ye-self-portrait ibonakala indawo yaseNtaliyane - ukuphefumlelwa okucokisekileyo komculi.

Ezine zomoya

Umsebenzi olandelayo we-Durer ubonisa ngokucacileyo uhlobo lwakhe lomcebisi, kunye nomnqweno wokwazi ulwazi. I-self-portrait inikezelwa kwimfundiso yamaGrike yeempawu ezine. Ngokutsho kwakhe, abantu bahlula kwi- sanguine, i-choleric, i- melancholic kunye ne-phlegmatic. Kwi-graving "Bath Bath" umculi omkhulu onohlobo oluthile lomoya kumntu ohlukeneyo. UDürer wazicingela ukuba uncibiliki. Umninimzi ongaziwayo wambi wamxelela ngale nto. Kunokucingwa ukuba kule nxaxheba ebhalwe kwi-graving. Umculi wazibonakalisa njengendlovukazi evakalisa abahlobo bakhe.

I-Self-Portrait kwisithombe sikaKristu, 1500

Ukusuka eItali, uDurer akazange abuyisele umfundi onamahloni, kodwa wayenkosi yomsebenzi wakhe. Ekhaya, u-Albrecht wafumana imiyalelo eminingi eyamzisa. Umsebenzi wakhe wawusele waziwa ngaphandle kweNuremberg yakhe yasekuhlaleni, kwaye umculi ngokwakhe wabeka ishishini lakhe kwishishini. Ngelo xesha, inkulungwane entsha yayisondela, ihlazo eliza kubonakaliswa ekupheleni kwehlabathi. Ixesha elide lokulindela i-eschatological linempembelelo enkulu kumphathi we-Albrecht. Kwaye ngowe-1500 kwavela umsebenzi ogqwesileyo, owenziwe nguDürer, - "Ukuzibonakalisa ngokubonakalayo kumfanekiso kaKristu."

Wazibamba ngobuso obusisigxina, okwakungenakucingca ngekhulu le-16. Zonke iifoto zeso sihlandlo zaye zahlukaniswa yinto enye eqhelekileyo: abantu abaqhelekileyo babehlala bebonakaliswa ukuhamba, kwaye nguYesu kuphela. UDure wayengumculi wokuqala ukuphula le mfihlo. Ukukhangela okubhokoxa, iinwele ze-wavy, ubungakanani obufanelekileyo buso bubangela ukuba bubukeke njengoKristu. Nokuba isandla esibhaliweyo esantsi kwinqanawa sibhalwe ngendlela ebonakalisa uBawo oyiNgcwele. Imibala esithombeni ifayile ephantsi. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yemithunzi emnyama, ebomvu, emhlophe nebomdaka, ubuso bomculi bubonakala ngokucacileyo. Ehlanganiswe ngeengubo ezigutywe ngoboya, inkosi uAlbrecht yayibonakala iyayifanisa nomdali owadala umhlaba wakhe okhethekileyo, oyimfihlelo kunye neyodwa kunye ne-cutter ne-brush.

Zizenzo zezenkolo

I-self-portraits ye-Durer yayinomntu onqabileyo unqulo. Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo yayigcwele ingxubusho ehambelana nokuzaliswa kwendima kaThixo ebomini yendoda. UMartin Luther, owazama ukuzisa isitshixo semfundiso yobuKristu kubantu, waba negalelo kulo mbuzo. Kwaye uDurer wabhala iinxalenye ezininzi zonqulo. Phakathi kwabo, "uMthendeleko wobuhlalu" kunye "Unqulo loButhathu Emnye." Kuzo, u-Durer akayena nje inkosi, kodwa naye uthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi engcwele. Ngaloo ndlela, wahlawula ukuzinikela kukaThixo.

Ubuninzi bokuzibonakalisa

Iingqungquthela zezenkolo zingenye yezinto eziphikisanayo kunye neemfihlakalo zomculi - "I-self-portrait naked". UAlbrecht Durer ubonakalisa ngomfanekiso kaKrestu uMartyr. Ngaloo nto bathi ubuso obunqabileyo, umzimba oqhekekileyo, umbuzo okhumbuza uYesu ngokubetha. Ngaphandle kwesikhumba, esiboniswe ngumculi ngaphezu kwethanga lokunene, sinokuthetha intsingiselo. Kwakukho elinye lamanxeba afunyanwa nguKristu.

Umzobo wenziwa ngepeni kunye nebhashishi kwiphepha eliluhlaza. Ixesha elichanekileyo lokudala i-self-portrait alingaziwa, kodwa ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka yomculi esithombeni, sinokucinga ukuba uyibhala kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala yeXVI leminyaka. Kuyaziwa ukuba umbhali wagcina umsebenzi ekhaya kwaye akazange amele uluntu jikelele. Akukho mculi ngaphambili kwaye emva kwakhe eveze ngokwakhe ehamba ze. Ukutshitshiswa kwakhe ukukhwabanisa kungenakufumaneka kwiimpapasho ezinikezelwe ubugcisa.

I-self-portraits ezityhafayo ze-Albrecht Durer

I-self-portraits ye-Durer yayikuxela ukufa kwakhe kusondele. E-Netherlands, wabethwa ngukugula okungaqhelekanga, okungekho mntu wayecinga ngaloo mihla. Ngoku abapheli-mlando banokucinga nje ukuba le yi-malariya. Umculi wayenengxaki ngedeni, eyabonakalisa ngokucacileyo kwi-self-portrait "Dure-sick" ngebala eliphuzi. Wathumela umfanekiso kumgqirha wakhe waza wabhala umyalezo omfutshane kuye. Yathi indawo apho ibala eliphuzi liboniswa khona lenza intlungu. Ukubonakaliswa kwimeko yesimo somculi kunye nokuqhutyelwa komxholo wenkolo kwakukho "Ukuzibonakalisa ngomfanekiso wesifo sikaKristu." Ibonisa i-Dure, iphelelwe sisifo esingaziwayo kunye nesifo esingokomoya, isizathu sokuba, mhlawumbi, yiNguqulelo kunye neziganeko ezixhomekeke kuyo.

Kungekudala wafa, wahamba waya kwindoda eyona nto ilifa lakhe elihle. I-Self-portraits ye-Dure, egcinwe kwiimifanekiso ezidumileyo zehlabathi, ezifana neLouvre eParis kunye ne Prado eMadrid, zisabetha ngamandla abo ngaphakathi kunye nobuhle obunzima.