Imithi - yintoni na le nto?

Imithi - eli sebe yoshishino, esijoliswe ngobuninzi amayeza mgangathweni. Yeyona ukuqhubeka yembali imithi. Phakathi kwala magama mabini kunye neendlela yokufumana iziyobisi kukho umahluko omkhulu.

Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics: yintoni umahluko?

Pharmacy kuye kwaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, xa waba yokuqala zenziwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwikhemesti - yokuziqeqesha yezenzululwazi egqwesileyo umda ebandakanya indalo amayeza, izifundo kukuthembeka zabo, uphando kwi kuyondelelaniswe kunye nokuveliswa iziyobisi, ukufundisisa indlela yesenzo iziyobisi phezu kwabantu kakhulu ngakumbi. Kwakhona umxholo phononongo ukukhangela nokuvavanywa kwemithombo yendalo amayeza. Pharmacy efanayo - kodwa ukuveliswa industrial kweziyobisi, isigaba esilandelayo uphuhliso ekhemisti ukuhlangabezana neemfuno kwimarike emikhulu.

Imithi njengenxalenye ekhemesti yabonakala ngenkulungwane ye-19, xa kwacaca ukuba ndlela yaziwa elide ngenxa ukwenziwa kwamachiza awukwazi ukunika imarike ubunzima, kwaye imveliso kubangela ukuba uhlobo abasakhasayo woveliso. Le ngenxa umntu ngokwenziwa kweziyobisi ngamnye iingxaki rhoqo kwizigulana, ngamnye oyingcali - "unale" - waba iresiphi eyeyalo isiyobisi, kwakungekho eyoqulunqo jikelele kunye nokumiselwa komgangatho amayeza.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19 baqalisa ilixa emgangathweni ukuvela xo ekhemesti, intshukumo yaqala eUnited States, emva ekuqondeni inzuzo nokudalwa imarike zonyango. Iziyobisi baqala ukuba ziveliswe amanani amakhulu emva kokuba amashishini amakhulu-scale yokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, imithi - le imveliso zeteknoloji lwamachiza nazo zonke iimfuno zawo umlindi yoshishino ophezulu-zobugcisa.

Lithini Pharmaceuticals

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ngayo imithi - ngummandla ulwazi nokuziqhelisa izinto mveliso, ubunzima kunye iindleko zokuvelisa ogqibeleleyo iziyobisi kunye nezinto. It esifunda kuzo zonke iinkalo zemveliso ngobuninzi zaveliswa. Xa ezinekhono lazo:

• Uhlolisiso ukusebenza iziyobisi kunye neziphumo zazo emzimbeni womntu.
• Uphononongo of chemical kumalungu Medicine (umthamo, ingqondo, njalo njalo.).
• Iintlobo kweefom umthamo, iindlela zolawulo kwemveliso kunye neentengiso.
• Ithi emzimbeni kwezinto amayeza (ubukhulu, imilo, njalo njalo. D.).
• Ithekhinoloji yemveliso abaninzi, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo kushishino, kwizikhundla zemveliso izixhobo.
• amayeza Excipients kunye nempembelelo yawo imveliso yokugqibela kunye emzimbeni womntu.

uphuhliso imithi

Ishishini yezemithi kwavela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Ngeli xesha, kwakukho kwikhemesti yokuqala apho iziyobisi ukuba zenziwe, kodwa wathengisa kuphela. Xa ukuphunyezwa kwe mithi bawa. Aba vulindlela zemveliso mveliso iziyobisi ziye iinkampani ezimbini: inkampani wavelisa ammonia Bohm kunye Pelletier - umkhwinini. Umzekelo wabo kwalandela ngabanini ezikhemisti ngemiyinge emincinci, ngokusekelwe apho imveliso enkulu wavuka koko.

Xa usokhemisi izama waqonda ukuba imithi - kukulungele kakhulu, baza baqalisa ukwakha amashishini abo. Ngowe-1827, i wemithi Merck waqalisa ukuvelisa iziyobisi ezisekelwe izithako zemvelo (morphine, umkhwinini njalo njalo.), Nto leyo eyakhokelela ngakumbi naye ekudalweni kwinkampani enkulu. Isiseko yemiyinge ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle zoxubo mayeza sele ekhemesti rhoqo, umzekelo, "Schering" (Germany) kunye "Park-Davis" (USA).

Pharmaceutics kunye Chemistry

Hayi Pharmacy kuphela ukuba ukhethe kolu shishino. Pharmaceutical ezinxulumene ngqo noshishino kwemichiza le. iimveliso komphutha weekhemikhali aba indawo yokuqala eziliqela iinkampani, umzekelo, ezifana "Bayer". nkqubo State of Nelungelo amayeza izihloko kwakhona negalelo kuphuhliso shishino.

Wabenzi unako ukuza kunye negama lakho iziyobisi ungathengisi ngayo phantsi brand yayo, nto leyo engazange ukuthintela abanye baqonde imveliso efanayo phantsi amagama ahlukeneyo. amaphulo iintengiso nokwazisa ngempumelelo benze ichiza "aspirin" kukuphinda 24 ibiza ngaphezu aspirin, leyo, enyanisweni, yaba.

imfazwe zenzeka phakathi Prussia kunye Austria ngo-1866 ukuya ukuvuselela imveliso pharmaceuticals. Impixano ezalandela emkhosini eYurophu, naye waba yokukhawulezisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso omkhulu lwamayeza abenzi. Phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I inkokheli kwishishini loxubo-mayeza yaba eJamani, isabelo sayo market 20% yabo ke ingeniso iyonke amayeza. Kamva, inkokheli ndasiwa inkampani US.

imithi Russian

Imithi baseRashiya baqalisa kuphuhliso yayo kunye yoonongendi, apho konke ukubandezeleka ifumene ukutya kokomoya nje kuphela kodwa zisiza ephilisa izifo, amacebiso amaninzi emagqirheni. Ngowe-1091 eRashiya, esibhedlele kuqala, umqalisi waba Pereyaslav umbingeleli uEfrayim yasekwa. Zemihla ngemihla aye walilondoloza amagama yamaxhwele ezininzi emishini, yaye ezinye zazo bafanelwe kangangeenkulungwane nehlonelwayo, umzekelo, Pimen Postnik kunye Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Tatar ukuhlasela, yaye kwiinkulungwane eziliqela yobukhoboka wayeka nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi kwiindawo ezininzi amayeza phantse iye yaphela. Inzala kwi oko zavuselelwa intsapho yobukumkani 1547, xa inkundla evela eYurophu wazisa ziingcali ezininzi.

Kwikhemesti yokuqala ukuvela eMoscow ebudeni bolawulo Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi, uxanduva abasebenzi ukuba inkonzo indlu yakomkhulu. Yaba isiseko indalo Aptekarskaya Chamber. Idatha zokuqala ethembekileyo kwi ekhemesti akazange asinde. Kukholelwa ukuba yayimi phambi Chudov woonongendi kwi yesicelo. Wonke umsebenzi imithetho engqongqo, izithako ezisetyenziswe kwirejista ekhethekileyo zicingeleka zenziwe zamayeza akhutshwe umbhalo, nto leyo ebonisa umxholo kwicandelo ngalinye kwaye inani kunye negama ayinikiwe owadala amayeza. Le ncwadi igcinwa oyintloko Aptekarskaya Chamber kunye onke amayeza.

zokulungisa kaPetros

Ngowe-1654, isikolo yoqeqesho oogqirha kunye noosokhemesti ivulekileyo. Pharmacy Public wabonakala eMoscow ngo 1672, kwaye ke akasekude oluBomvu Square, wanikwa igama elitsha, mazingabhidaniswa enonkontsho. Lwenkqubela kulo mmandla kuye wasondeza wenguquko iphambili Russia - Peter I. Ngowe-1701, ngokuvumelana nomthetho wakhe, eMoscow ngu ezisibhozo iivenkile ezo zivulekile. Kwikhemesti enkulu kakhulu phambili ngelo xesha ibekwe kwi Butcher Street 1706. Umsebenzi weli ziko kuquka kungekuphela iziyobisi zeholide kuphela uluhlu olubanzi abathengi, kodwa unikezelo kweeyunithi amayeza yomkhosi.

Ngowe-1714 Pet Veliky wachitha ngokutsha elilandelayo of Medicine kunye igama iwadi avumba limnandi kwi-Ofisi Medical. Amaziko amatsha zazilawulwa yi emkhosini kunye nemicimbi zonyango, imithetho oosokhemisti. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-18, ikomkhulu yasekwa ekhemesti-14, yaye bavela kwizixeko ezinkulu ezininzi.

Impumelelo ye usokhemisi Russian

Pharmaceuticals zasekhaya wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwinzululwazi ehlabathini. Lwezona olothusayo abazenzayo Medical-Surgical Academy (St. Petersburg). Ngenxa yeli ziko, uNjingalwazi OV zabelin waququzelela elebhu apho imifuniselo kuqhutywa imithi. Ngenxa imisebenzi A. A. Sokolovskogo iinkalo ezifana Pharmacology kunye pharmaceutics bafunda kwiYunivesithi Moscow. Igalelo kuphuhliso iziyobisi kunye amalungiselelo wenza izazinzulu ezininzi ukusebenza Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20.

iimveliso zoxubo mayeza kwixesha yiSoviet sikhutshwe kuphela emva kwexesha elide lokulingwa, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Eli lizwe iye yaseka uthungelwano Iilabhoratri kunye namashishini amakhulu phezu Yindibanisela amachiza ezintsonkothileyo. imveliso eyenziweyo baba ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Okwangoku kwishishini loxubo Russian lihambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Isebenza uthungelwano Iilabhoratri kunye nemveliso gqolo ukuphuhlisa ukwenza amachiza amatsha, uhlolisiso nezinto uphando olwenziwe.

mveliso Russian zoxubo mayeza iimveliso zifunwa kwi kurhwebo lwasemakhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Abahlanu Iinkampani ezinkulu ezixuba amayeza we-Russian Federation ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "enekona".
• STADA ico.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Profession "unale"

Imithi - isayensi kunye noshishino yemveliso, efuna abasebenzi abanezakhono. Izikolo Medical kuqeqeshwe abaziingcali imisebenzi emibini - oosokhemisti kunye noosokhemesti. Unale - isibhedlele, elithile elungiswe kwiikholeji, uqeqesho ihlala iminyaka 4. Unale umsebenzi inkosi kwiiyunivesithi iminyaka engaphezu-7 (6 years + 1 unyaka internship).

usokhemisi isiseko nolwazi kwiingingqi ezine eziphambili. Emva kokukhululwa yeengcali entsimini ziyasebenza ezikhemisti kwi izitora, iilebhu, amaziko zoxubo uphando olulodwa. Abafundi Pharmacy atsaleleka onokubanceda kunye uthsintsho. Yingcali akufuneki kuphela ukukhulula iyeza, kodwa ukunika ingcebiso malunga nokukhetha indlela. Ukongeza, ukufumana isiseko solwazi ivumela ukuqonda indlela amachiza, yintoni imiphumo zabo Izimo.

Ngubani na ukubaleka umsebenzi umsebenzi lwamashishini apho - pharmaceuticals? A unyango nasiphi na isifo wenziwe ngenxa kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho engqongqo kunye nobugcisa. Kuba wemithi na umsebenzi kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye lweshishini. Iindawo umsebenzi ingcali:

• Ayinikiwe-umthengisi - ukusebenza ezikhemisti neevenkile. Umda ngoxanduva aquka ukunxibelelana nabathengi, ukugcina ingxelo, ukuveliswa amayeza kagqirha, ugcino oluchanekileyo amayeza, ingabe.
• Ayinikiwe-umphandi esebenza elabhoratri. Iinjongo abaphengululi abafunda sifo, ephilisa iinkqubo, ukuziphatha iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, microflora, njl iingcali ezininzi ingqalelo bayafikelela iintlobo igciwane eliyingozi (AIDS, Ebola, njl ...) Ukuze uphuhliso imithi ezi zifo ...
• Usokhemisi, abasasazi bafuna kwi iinkampani zoxubo inxaxheba ekuphunyezweni amayeza zabo okanye abameli bemibutho emikhulu.

Imithi - Yindibanisela yenzululwazi kunye noshishino. amalungiselelo Medical ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso lezibuko phantse nantoni na. Indlela efanelekileyo kokusetyenziswa kwamayeza lula ukugcinwa zempilo kunye nokufunyanwa kwizifo ezininzi.