Imfundo ePhakamileyo eRashiya: le nkqubo, imbali, uphuhliso

Izikolo zemfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya yinkqubo elidityanisiweyo eziquka ngaphezu kwama-650 kwiiyunivesithi karhulumente-esaziwayo. Bona ufundile malunga nezigidi ezisithoba ngabantu, phakathi kwabo kukho inani elikhulu labemi kumazwe angaphandle. Uqeqesho lwenziwa kumacala ezininzi: yempilo, ubunjineli, ezezimali, ezoqoqosho kunye nokuzondelela amalungelo abantu. izintlu ezikhoyo ukuvumela lokufumana imfundo ephakamileyo na entsimini ngokugqibeleleyo nabani na isiqinisekiso lokugqitywa lesibini (school) okanye kwiziko ezizodwa zemfundo (esikoleni sokufundela).

kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngo-Russia

Isiseko semfundo Russian ephakamileyo isekelwe kwisikolo kwihlabathi-edumileyo ulwazi elikhethekileyo ezifunyaniswe zezazinzulu Russian, kwakunye lugxile angenakoyiswa ababengaphambi zethu zenzululwazi.

kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngo-Russia - asinto ibinzana engenanto. It iyangqinwa izakhono ezisebenzisekayo ootitshala abaqeqeshwe kakhulu, uninzi babe PhD, uGqirha of Science, yaye ezinye - anxibe isihloko nebhongo ngunjingalwazi. Graduate School kunika ithuba nje ukufumana ulwazi okulungileyo, izakhono, izakhono zobungcali, kodwa imfundo ophambili njengoko idiploma ye sampula Russian uxatyiswa kumazwe amaninzi amazwe.

Russia - lizwe kunye iinkulungwane yembali, izithethe kunye nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko endalo nanto kunye nobutyebi ayo, kunye nendlela awayephila ngayo, amasiko kunye neempawu zesizwe. Indoda Iziqu ngokungazi iba yinxalenye yaloo mandla, eqhotyoshelwe namava izizukulwana imbali, abe yinxalenye umphefumlo Russian.

Inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo Russia

Njengalo okanye hayi, isihloko imfundo ephakamileyo kuhlangene kunye nembali. Ngokukodwa, imbali nokubunjwa kwayo. Loo nkqubo, nto leyo iye yaphuhliswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho ngoko nangoko. Yena yasekelwa iinkulungwane, okuphunyeziweyo kule minyaka.

Modern imfundo ephakamileyo professional eRashiya yinkqubo-level ezininzi, eziqhuma amazinga ahlukeneyo uqeqesho: Kwikota olusisiseko ukufumana isidanga kuthatha iminyaka emi-5, emva koko abafundi abafumene isiqinisekiso of "specialist". Uyakwazi ngoko ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo iziqu, eliphethwe iminyaka emithathu. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukufumana isidanga "Bachelor of Science" yaye "Master of Science", ixesha uqeqesho leminyaka emine kunye emibini ngokulandelelanayo.

Meko ngandlel 'ithile ukuba ukhetha ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo esikolweni zonyango. Kulo mzekelo, kwigophe ukufunda kuxhomekeke ezikhethiweyo okhethiweyo: iDiploma kwengqondo, unale okanye umfundi wamazinyo ufumana iminyaka emihlanu. Xa umlinganiselo wezifo, amayeza ezemidlalo kunye ityala therapeutic kufuneka ugqibe iminyaka emithandathu. Imfundo kwizikolo zonyango ukuqhubeka ukubhalisa internship (kunyaka 1). Ngokuxhomekeke ezobuchwepheshe, kunye neminqweno ugqirha nga kugqitywa zophononongo (kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya ku-5). Okanye ukuya kwisikolo isidanga, ubomi kulo ukufunda iminyaka emithathu.

Iimbalasane kwinkqubo NGO

Unyaka esikolweni kwizikolo eziphakamileyo Russian ithatha ukususela ngoSeptemba 1 ukuya kuJuni 30. Yahlulahlulwe yaba izinyanga ezimbini, nganye kuzo uphela iseshoni (ihlobo nobusika). Ngexesha abafundi akhe iimvavanyo ezininzi, iimviwo kudlule uyala ngaphambili. Iholide abafundi bafumana imfundo ephakamileyo, kakhulu. Kwaye Baqala nje emva kweseshoni. Winter ithatha iiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu, ehlotyeni - iinyanga ezimbini. Uviwo kakhulu enzima livavanya umfundi ngonyaka wokugqibela uqeqesho lwabo. Ebusika, yena uthatha iimviwo karhulumente, ziquka imibuzo kuzo zonke izifundo ezenziweyo. Kwaye ehlotyeni ukhusela ezimeleyo yayo ithisisi.

Imfundo kwiiyunivesithi Russian oluqhutywa Russian kwaye isekelwe phezu iintlobo ezintathu wemfundo: elizeleyo yexesha (umhla), ixesha (ukuvumela ngaxeshanye umsebenzi study) nangokuhlwa (kubanjelwa ngokuhlwa okanye veki). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izikolo ezininzi ezingezo-karhulumente ephakamileyo benza ukufunda ngembalelwano, apho umntu ohlala kwesinye isixeko (amaphondo ezininzi) kwaye ufumana umsebenzi endlwini, ngamathuba athile uzayo seshoni. Le nkqubo inye imisebenzi enokwenziwa nge-skype, ukuba, umzekelo, ukuthetha malunga ukufunda iilwimi zasemzini.

Emva kokuphumelela, abafundi bafumana idiploma karhulumente Russian ebonisa iziqinisekiso. Ke kaloku, njengokuba umthetho, iimbeko iphepha ebomvu, kodwa kwezinye iimeko - oluhlaza. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ngeli xesha lakalokunje, iidiploma zethu kuthathwa njengezisemthethweni kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini.

amaka

Ukukhulisa umba lovavanyo Russian Federation, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kakhulu ezahlukene ukusuka esikolweni yokuhlela kwinkqubo. Amanqaku aphezulu ithathwa - "5" - ezibalaseleyo; ilandelwa yi "4" - Good; "3" - Kweyanelisayo; "2" - ayanelisi. Ngaba luhlobo oluthile "okupasa" uvavanyo "Fail". Kwakufika "enganelisiyo" okanye "Fail" umfundi unethuba ukuba aphinde isifundo, wavuma kwangaphambili kunye notitshala. Kule nkqubo, engayinikwanga mizamo emithathu. Ukuba ngeli xesha loo mfundi akakwazanga ukufumana amanqaku onesidima, uza kumelana ukugxothwa eyunivesithi.

Ingakumbi abafundi zingakhathaliyo ayikwazi bamkelwe iseshoni kwaphela. Isizathu kakhulu kangangokuba yokutsiba iintetho kunye neesemina engekho. Le ngxaki ingasombululwa, xa kukho isizathu esilungileyo, kwaye ekuqaleni kweseshoni wabeka ubuncinane kuyimfuneko. Kulo mzekelo, "vuzovets" isenokuba bamkelwe iimviwo.

Ukongeza iintlobo elibi zovavanyo, imfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya kwaye ibonelela isiqinisekiso yenkuthazo. Umfundi unako ukufumana i "yokupasa" okanye kwibakala elungileyo ngokuzenzekelayo ( "zenzekelayo") ngaphandle kokuba Kwathi sifundo, ukuba yonke kwisiqingatha ukuya rhoqo kuzo zonke iiklasi, izabelo epheleleyo kwaye silandele zonke iimfuno ngutitshala.

Njengoko imfundo ephakamileyo savela

Esi sihloko noko enkulu. Mawube sibekelwe kupapasho eyahlukileyo, okanye incwadi, kodwa zama ukugcina ngaphakathi kwimida omnye kwicandelwana wenqaku. Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwemfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya yaqala malunga XI-XII kwiinkulungwane umphelo kuxhomekeke eziliqela. Okokuqala, iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu (inzululwazi, inkcubeko, inqanawa, urhwebo kunye nabanye) hayi yema ngxi, yaye nokuphuhlisa, ke ngoko, uluntu kuza kufuneka abasebenzi abanezakhono ngakumbi. Okwesibini, okusingqongileyo Russian kakhulu ezifuna ukuyilwa ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso inzululwazi, njengokuba ukutshintshiselana ngamava namanye amazwe, ziye ngenkuthalo bafunda iilwimi. Ngakumbi ephawuleka waba ngexesha uPetros I.

Omnye ngoyaba into yokuba igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwemfundo ephakamileyo eyenziwe ziinkokeli Russian, ootitshala, zezibalo, ekhemisi, zobulumko, abacinga: Kovalevsky, Lomonosov, Radishchev, Lobachevsky, Pisarev, Belinsky, Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Timiryazev, Pirogov, Mendeleev, kwaye abaninzi lwazo nezinye. Kwangaxeshanye, imfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya iphenjelelwa ngamandla ziimfundiso Marx kunye Engels. Kwaye uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, umzekelo, ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na ongomnye, wafuna ukuya ukususa imihlaba iimfundiso izimvo zesikolo, zamiselwa ukuba eli bandla, kwaye bazama ukwenza imfundo yehlabathi ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ukuba ukuqeqesha iinkqubo ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi bafumana ulwazi kuphela yeengcingane, kodwa bafundisa izakhono asebenzisekayo ababandakanyekayo eksperimenti elebhu kunye imifuniselo. Kwaye ngo 1755 wavula Moscow University ogama emva Lomonosov (MSU), nto leyo mhlawumbi mzekelo ezaziwa kwiziko lemfundo, apho nanamhlanje uyakwazi ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya e umqondo walo.

A bit of imbali ...

Development kunye nembali emfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya ngokusondeleyo edibene iziganeko ezenzekayo rhoqo indawo kweli lizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba ezoshishino eYurophu, isimo sethu nayo ivavanywa iLeningrad Mining Institute yayo utshintsho, ingakumbi, usekelwe, owaba ngukhokho ephakamileyo imfundo yobugcisa eRashiya. Ubukhulu becala the School of Mines (yabizwa kwayo ngaloo mihla) wafundisa nkalo zemathematika: algebra, geometry, izakhiwo, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, mineralogy, imichiza, physics, iilwimi zasemzini. Loo iyantlukwano zenzululwazi zendalo kunye kunceda ukuba bafumane imfundo ephucukileyo zonke-ngeenxa zonke. Russia, njengamanye amazwe amaninzi, ukuzama ukwenza ukufunda zifikeleleke isiqingatha ababhinqileyo. Okokugqibela, ukuba kuye kwakho indlela emva Enkulu Oktobha Socialist Revolution. Ngelo xesha nayo imfundo ephakamileyo eyayidandalazile ezinye iinjongo kunye neenjongo. Esi sicwangciso yaba kukwakha uluntu elitsha ngokupheleleyo imfundo ekujoliswe kuzo abantu abatsha kunye nokwaziswa kwiinguqu kwinkqubo yokufunda.

Ngexesha amaxesha Soviet, imfundo ephakamileyo ngokusondeleyo enxibelelene izicwangciso zokuphuhlisa uluntu nawo onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ngonyaka amaqela umfundi kwi iitapile okanye inxaxheba inyanzelekile kwimicimbi yabasebenzi. Phambi kokuba kuvulwe izikolo eziphakamileyo njongo ephambili ukunyusa umgangatho woqeqesho eengcali elizayo, kwakunye itsale inani labantu ebantwini kwimfundo esemgangathweni. Kulo mba, iqela amanyathelo: intshayelelo zenkuthazo, ukubonelela ehostele simahla kunye naye self ukufunda akuhlawulwa, kwaye lwaqhutywa ngeelwimi 70. Ngethuba yiSoviet Union emfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya yenziwa ifumaneke kubo bonke abemi abo isiqinisekiso lokuthweswa.

kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngo-Russia yanamhlanje

Inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya iyakhula ngokungqinelana neemfuno zoluntu, kwaye ngokuxhomekeke impumelelo izazinzulu zethu zenzululwazi zendalo, amayeza, physics, chemistry, inzululwazi ikhompyutha kunye nezinye iinkalo zolwazi. Oku ngoko nangoko ezimiselwe iinkqubo, izinto, iintlobo kunye neendlela zokufundisa kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umbuzo nokoyika imfuneko ngeengcali: .. uyilo A Injineli, ugqirha, wawuquka, igqwetha kunye Economist, injineli, umdwelisi nkqubo, njl Inkqubo yemfundo eRashiya yanamhlanje idibanisa indlela ehlanganisiweyo yokufumana ulwazi, oko kukuthi, mfundiso enye .. imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kuquka okusebenzayo. Le ndlela zokufunda kukuvumela ukuba uvule indlela yokucinga, inyathelo, nzima umsebenzi, iimbopheleleko ezibalulekileyo kubafundi. Ngendlela zeSebe zophando lwezenzululwazi kuvumela ukubandakanya abahlali abafundi umsebenzi wophando kwaye ukunyusa umgangatho woqeqesho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi zeli lizwe ihlelwe ngu kweelebhu abanamava, amaziko ikhompyutha, amaziko ophando, apho wayefunda, kusonjululwa iingxaki engxamisekileyo yoluntu namhlanje.

Iingxaki Higher Education

Kakade ke, eRashiya namhlanje bacinge ngaphandle ngokucinezela imiba kunye namathemba yocwangciso kwinkalo yemfundo ephakamileyo. Phakathi nobunzima kakhulu ezicacileyo, mhlawumbi uyakwazi ukhankanye umba yemfundo ihlawulwe. Ngelishwa, ekubeni 90 emva kwexesha 'ukuze ufumane imfundo kweli lizwe kunokuba kwaye ngoncedo imali. Kwelinye icala, eli lithuba eyongezelelweyo ezinye iindidi abemi, kwelinye - a ilikhubalo lenene, izale oluninzi kwimicimbi.

Eyokuqala inxulumene nenyaniso yokuba umgangatho wemfundo sele lehlile kakhulu, njengoko bonke zithengwe, ekubeni uhlolo kwaye awugqibe isidanga. Ngenxa yoko, oku kukhokelela ingxaki yesibini - urhwaphilizo kakhulu kumaziko emfundo. Yaye kwiminyaka yakutshanje oko inobungozi ngakumbi. iingxaki zemfundo ephakamileyo eRussia etsolo kwaye isonjululwe kancinci. Noko ke, iindaba ezimnandi kukuba kule ndawo kukho ubuncinane intshukumo ethile.

Ukuba sithethe malunga amathemba kwilizwe lethu, uphuhliso lwemfundo ephakamileyo, le nkqubo negalelo elikhulu uloyiso bethu kwinzululwazi. Uphuhliso nano kunye biotechnology ngokukodwa kwixa elizayo iya kukhokelela ukuvela imisebenzi emitsha. Kwaye nayo, kwaye iinkqubo ezintsha, iindlela kunye iintlobo zemfundo.