Uhlalutyo ngeemveliso umsebenzi psychology: ubuhle nobubi

psychology Scientific ngexesha kuphuhliso layo lifikelele iziphumo kakhulu. It baqulunqe imithetho iqola ingqondo zabantu, xa iingcamango ezahlukeneyo substantiation sezizathu yokuziphatha yabantu, iimpawu zabo ngokwengqondo ntlobo. Ukongeza, indlela yenzululwazi kwiindlela ngenxa ukufumana yonke ingcaciso. Ngomhla enye iindlela zokufumana iinkcukacha malunga umntu, uhlalutyo ngeemveliso imisebenzi yayo - on.

Uhlalutyo ngeemveliso umsebenzi bengqondo

Makhe sichaze ukuba yintoni le mbono. Uhlalutyo imveliso yomsebenzi (ADF) - inkqubo yophando iimpawu nangokwasengqondweni umntu ngokuhlolisisa imveliso zemisebenzi yabo okanye umsebenzi ngobuchule. Mu kuya kwa nshita iindlela ezingundoqo kwengqondo (lokuqaphela kunye experiment), lo ADF kwenziwa ngokungangqalanga, t. E., Ngaphandle kwengqondo unxibelelwano ngqo kunye umxhasi wakhe. phando lweengcali lweemveliso graphic, umculo, mkhulu, ubuchule babantu kunye nesiseko sayo benze izigqibo malunga iimpawu zayo nasengqondweni.

Uhlalutyo ngeemveliso umsebenzi psychology amaninzi kusetyenziswa kumsebenzi nabantwana babo bonke ubudala, ngoko wathenga "pop" kwi ukufundisa.

Mpepha okanye indlela praksimetrichesky

Kuba le ndlela psychological kukho elinye igama - yokugcina. Basebenzisa eli gama kumsebenzi American iisayikholojisti wayo. Bona zenzelwe indlela mpepha ndifunda ubomi bomntu ngenxa iimveliso zayo abasebenzi, ubuchule, kwidayari, ngobo idata kuso. It has a uhlobo indlela buqu, nto leyo evumela ukuba bafunde indlela yobomi umntu okanye iqela labantu ngenxa impumelelo zabo zobugcisa nobungcali. Ngoko ke ubuntu mihla ufunda ngobomi, ubudlelwane, kunye neempawu zakhe zabantu abadumileyo ukusuka ngaphambili.

Xa psychology yasekhaya igama eliqhelekileyo ngakumbi "imisebenzi analysis imveliso" okanye praksimetrichesky (ukusuka yesiGrike "praxis." - "action"). Kuluntu lwethu, le ndlela lisetyenziswa kwi psychology emfundo ukulungiselela isifundo zophuhliso komntwana.

Uhlalutyo iimveliso msebenzi abantwana

ADF kuqhelekile kakhulu ukusebenza nabantwana ukususela ebuntwaneni bakhe, kuba ivumela ukuba iimeko ukhululekile ukuba usana lwakho (kulo mdlalo) ukuzibonakalisa. abantwana Small angabi nako ukuchaza ngamazwi amava abo, musa ebengekamazi igama nto va okwangoku. Kodwa unako ukukwenza oko ngenye indlela - kukuveza ephepheni, kudlala nabahlobo bakho, bhala kwi ncwadi. Konke oku kunokuba izinto esibalulekileyo sengqondo osebenza kunye nomntwana wakho.

Uhlalutyo ngeemveliso msebenzi yabantwana ibandakanya isifundo lwe data efana:

• eziveliswa umsebenzi uqale umdlalo: amanani ngodongwe, kuyilo izinto ezahlukeneyo, izinto ezo imidlalo sebali-nxaxheba-idlala;
• iimveliso asebenza: kokuvuna, yezandla kwi kwizifundo zomsebenzi;
• izinto onemveliso, ubuchule: imizobo, imihobe, amanqaku, iingoma, imibhalo, kunye nezinye izicelo;
• Iiseshoni zoqeqesho imveliso: amaphepha eemvavanyo, iidrafti, umsebenzi wesikolo.

Ngokusebenzisa isifundo kwezi zinto, sinako kwizigqibo malunga nenqanaba lolwazi, ukubunjwa izakhono, ukufumaneka kwezakhono, ugqaliselo umdla, imeko nasemphefumlweni umntwana, ubudlelwane bakhe kunye nabanye abantu.

Kwezinye iimeko, le ndlela isetyenziswa?

Indlela Uhlalutyo nangokwasengqondweni umsebenzi imveliso - indlela ephumelelayo isifundo oluphangaleleyo psyche yomntwana. It ikuvumela ukuba bachonge izinto ezifana:

• inkqubo yokubala ngentloko (yokucinga, ingqalelo, inkumbulo, njl);
• isimo sengqondo (mood);
• Iipropati ngengqondo (character, amandla - yonke into eyenza ubuntu yomntwana).

Ngenxa yoko, indlela anokusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo iimeko - ukuchonga ezibangela Ukungaphumeleli umfundi, lo gama iingxaki kukhubazeko nokulungiswa umntwana phonononga ulwalamano lwakhe kunye nabantu abadala kunye noontanga, ukufumanisa iimfuno kunye utyekelo umntwana uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi.

Olu luhlu luya, kuba inani imibuzo malunga nophuhliso esifumileyo umntwana ukhula yobudala. An wengqondo onamava uya kusoloko kunceda abazali abachaphazelekayo kunye nootitshala ukuba yokugcina iindlela zayo zokusebenza yi uhlahlelo yokusebenza imveliso.

Ziziphi iimeko kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane?

Ukuze indlela wanika ziphumo olupheleleyo noluchanekileyo, lo kwengqondo siphawula iqela iimeko zokwenza uphando:

• isichaza injongo - ngokukhethekileyo yintoni noko yona ifundwa (umzekelo, nkulumo ukuzalana umntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka 6 abadala ezibalulekileyo nontanga imizobo);
• ukhetha abantwana (ukuba eli qela) ezihambelana ubudala (kulo mzekelo, 6) akuba etshilo izakhono (umz, ipeyinti);
• bonke abantwana, ulungiselela iimeko ezifanayo ukuba imisebenzi (izinto ezifanayo, indawo);
• ukunciphisa impembelelo yabo abantwana zomsebenzi yinkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abasebenza ngokwazo kwaye kushukunyiswa;
• It idlulisela basabele yabantwana ezenzeka ngexesha ukusebenza;
• ukuba uphando ibandakanya incoko ngakumbi umntwana ngendalo yakhe mveliso, kwangaphambili ulungisa imibuzo;
• inikeza iindlela, imveliso yokugqibela ziya kuhlolwa ngayo (umzekelo, ukukhetha umbala, ukwakheka).

wenza njani uhlalutyo?

Le ndlela ibandakanya uhlalutyo yenkqubo nemveliso yokusebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuphela imveliso ekupheleni komsebenzi yomntwana liqulathe ulwazi malunga nayo, kodwa inkqubo indalo yayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa abantwana bedlala kwi kuqulunqo ngumntu wasentsomini, kunokwenzeka ukuba sibone ukuba banjani na inxaxheba kule nkqubo, indlela bathanda indima yaye njani benza ke, njengoko ingqinelana kwisicatshulwa indima, ngokunjalo into entsha eyenza itakane kule nkqubo.

Ukuba lahlaziya umsebenzi isixando ngakumbi, umzekelo, sukube okanye umzobo, ungakwazi thatha reactions umntwana ngokwemvakalelo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, ukuba ubone indlela ahlole umsebenzi wakhe, kwesa imveliso ngenxa ekwafanekisa ingcamango yokuqala.

Ukusebenza imveliso yokugqibela iya kuvavanywa imiqathango ethile. Baxhomekeke koko wabeka usukelo. Lo isenokuba iqondo yophuhliso kwemisebenzi ethile engqondweni yomntwana, urhulumente wakhe ngokweemvakalelo, kokuba ikhono eminye imisebenzi njalo njalo.

Phases zesifundo

Njengabo bonke uphando ngokwasengqondweni, uhlalutyo umsebenzi imveliso iquka sicatshulwa izigaba ezininzi:

• ukulungiselela - nokuqokelelwa kwedatha yokuqala malunga nomntwana, sentlalo hypothesis (kutheni kukho oko kukuthi, yintoni na elidityaniswe), ukulungiselela izinto uhlalutyo;
• iimviwo ngqo - uhlalutyo nangokwasengqondweni imveliso yomsebenzi; ukuba kuyimfuneko - ezinye iindlela zayo kugcwalisa;
• Inqanaba lokugqibela le - le systematization kwedatha, kuthelekiswa nabo hypothesis (ukuba nkkolelo kuqinisekiswa), ukwenza izindululo umsebenzi kunye nomntwana kuba abazali kwakunye nootitshala.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba umntwana kulindeleke kuphela sesibini isigaba. Zonke ezinye izinyathelo kwengqondo.

Izinto eziluncedo ze indlela

Uhlalutyo imveliso ngu msebenzi ifumana ukusasazwa kwayo ngokubanzi kwingcingane asentshona kuzwelonke kwiqela lokulungileyo ukuba iye:

• Elithuba ukuqokelela izinto olubanzi ngokwaneleyo njenge lomculo, kunye nomntwana omnye.
• Kungenzeka ukuba ukulandela Dynamics uphuhliso nangokwasengqondweni umntwana ngokuthelekisa iimveliso ezindala kwaye nolwazi oluninzi olusandukubakho zokudala. Umzekelo, ndibone ukuba bungakanani waye waphucuka omhle izakhono motor izandla, njengoko njengotshintsho sengqondo umntwana omnye okanye enye inkalo yobomi bakhe, njl
• Le yeyona ndlela zendalo ukufundela umntwana ingqondo yakhe: Umsebenzi playful umntwana uziva ekhululekile kwaye ekhululekile.
• Ithuba lokuba ukuchonga iintlobo iimpawu ngokwasengqondweni komntwana - phezu iqondo ingqalelo kwimvelo.

Ilishwa ekuhlaziyeni imisebenzi iimveliso

Nayiphi na indlela uphando amaphutha ayo, nto leyo enokuchaphazela isiphumo. Uhlalutyo lwemisebenzi phando yeemveliso ukuze phantsi iingxaki ezinjalo:

• Ukusetyenziswa ndlela ufanele ukuba iimpawu ubudala bomntwana. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze ukufunda baby umzobo, kuyimfuneko ukuba babesele izakhono ukuzoba.
• iziphumo Iqhubekekisa ixhomekeke luluvo uvavanyo ngokwasengqondweni (umz, ukuba nentsusa kwento ka mzobo). Oku kufuna ukuba Iikhrayitheriya zokuvavanya ecacileyo, leyo ecaleni kwamacala le uphando.
• Ukuze isifundo ebanzi ngokuzazisa komntu usebenzisa ADF kufuneka ibe kakhulu ixesha elininzi kunye nezibonelelo.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo iindlela imveliso yophando olwenziweyo kumsetyenzana

Uhlalutyo yomsebenzi iimveliso ineendidi yayo okanye ingasetyenziswa njengenxalenye yezinye iindlela zophando engqondweni. Ezi ziquka ubuchule projective. umongo wazo - kwingqikelelo (umfanekiso transfer) Iipropati okunexabiso amava oluntu ukuba siyimveliso yomsebenzi wakhe. Ukufunda oko, sinako ukufumana idata kwi kuphuhliso yendoda.

Yohluka ukusuka classical projective indlela ADF kuba khona impahla esisemgangathweni apho umsebenzi wenziwa, yaye imfundiso ethile. Umzekelo, isihloko ufumana isabelo ukuba bazobe umfanekiso kwisihloko esinikiweyo, ukongeza isivakalisi engaphelelanga, wenze i ibali umfanekiso, njalo njalo. D. Le ndlela yaziwa kakhulu ziquka "Spot of Rorschach", "isilwanyana Non-ezingekhoyo", "ndlu, umthi, indoda" kunye nabanye.

ubuchule Projective zisebenza nje kuphela ukusebenza nabantwana, kodwa abadala kunye nabantu olugula ngengqondo.

Enye indlela ukutolikwa wesimanje aye professiografiya. Isebenzisa abantu ADF abo bamanywe uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi zasemsebenzini. Esebenzisa ukuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha ezinjalo, iimfuno imveliso, eyimfuneko kwabeyisayo ngempumelelo kumsebenzi othile. Yinto iimpawu komzimba, zentlalo nezengqondo yomntu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze abe ngumfundisi ophumelelayo, ukongeza uqeqesho kuphela, ingcaphephe kufuneka ngobuchule, nomonde, bakwazi ukulawula iimvakalelo zabo, kunokuba bhetyebhetye kunye namasu.

Uhlalutyo Content njenge ndlela semi

Uhlobo uninzi lwazo yaye indlela kumphati abe uhlalutyo lomxholo. Oku kusetyenziselwa kuphela psychology kodwa kwezinye ezentlalo, unxibelelwano. Le ndlela iquka iimviwo iiyunithi isicatshulwa ukuhlelwa kwazo. Ezi yunithi ziquka:

• amagama athile;
• amabinzana (amabinzana);
• isihloko;
• umyalezo xa iyonke.

Le ndlela luchaneke kakhulu, njengoko ibandakanya imisebenzi zezibalo kunye nemifanekiso ezifunyenweyo. Zonke iiyunithi zokufunda zibalwa ukufumanisa nezihlandlo ukusetyenziswa kunye systematization. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenza izigqibo malunga iimpawu nangokwasengqondweni umbhali, malunga ulwalamano lwakhe lowo uthunyelwe ezi womyalezo, kwakunye neenkqubo lwezentlalo-psychological kwihlabathi amaqela amakhulu abantu.

Imithombo enokubakho uhlalutyo lomxholo Yincwadi, iidayari zobuqu, amanqaku amaphephandaba, iingoma, imibongo njalo njalo. D.

Uhlalutyo amaxwebhu zokufundisa

Zazisetyenziswa kulo mkhuba yokufundisa kunye nokufundisa abantwana bafumana omnye ezininzi i ADF. Olu hlahlelo kwamaxwebhu zokufundisa.

Modern utitshala, wengqondo okanye unontlalontle yonke imihla lijongene umthamo omkhulu data kwi abafundi. Oku amarekhodi ezahlukeneyo:

• ukucaciswa;
• imbali yezonyango;
• Philaretus;
• iimagazini yokuhlola ulwazi;
• imizuzu yeentlanganiso;
• iidayari isikolo kwabafundi;
• imiyalelo kunye nemiyalelo manual.

Konke oku emva kokufunda kwaye odolwa likuvumela ukuba ukudala umfanekiso opheleleyo ekukhuleni komntwana, ukuba ukuchonga iindawo ingxaki kunye neendlela uzisombulule.

Uhlalutyo imveliso ngu umsebenzi bengqondo - sisixhobo ngempumelelo kumsebenzi yincutshe. Ukuze usebenzise ngayo uqeqesho ngokwaneleyo theoretical component. Sisenzo rhoqo, nokuzeyisa umdla umnqweno ukuphuhlisa lonke ixesha. Kodwa ukuba abazali ndiyaniyaleza umntwana wabo oyingcali enjalo, baya qiniseka ukuba uya kufumana inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga nayo kunye uncedo abaqeqeshiweyo.